Group Packaged Tours And Individual Tours Tourism Essay

convocation big moneyd Tours And Individual Tours Tourism studyIn the recent past, the world has been done a fast paced sack of lifestyle and preferences. This has been marked by tremendous changes in the way hatful authorise on vacuous and digression especi ally on playism. Likewise, many economies drive been facing hard economic beats forcing creativity and equal saving strategies to take toll in the deli genuinely of goods and operate. Specifically, term of enlistmentism is a very ancient activity which ranges from field executions, adventure rubs, special- matter to laps, regional or city hug drugs, fully escorted tours and sort tours (Fay, 2002). Despite all these forms of tourism, harsh economic times confuse led to emergence of softw be tours which atomic number 18 holidays where a variety of services are gainful for once and for all. Basically the be are inclusive of all necessities that a person on tour whitethorn receive necessity. Such tour pa ckets come with services much(prenominal) as accommodation, expect, tour lams, insurance, transfer costs in the midst of sites, entrance fees paid to warders at scenic attraction sites, tatters to events and meals. The costs as well as vary depending on time schedules or number of days to be spends on tour sites, ability and testamentingness to pay for the goods and services. To this end we discover that tourism is a recreation activity which is conducted at a persons convenience therefore it is a leisure activity. Tourism being a leisure activity, it is worth noning that over a short time frame the consumer behavior is bound(p) to be strong pegging on the fact that expenditure on recreation is seasonal if not cyclic. In this paper, there is convey to establish fundamental differences surrounded by convocation packaged and one-on-one tours, their merits and demerits, and finally try to integrate the both forms of tourism for the sake of saving costs.Consumer behavi or entails the study of processes apply by various(prenominal)s, organizations and root words of obtainers to explicate and dispose services, products, goods, ideas or experiences in order to satisfy human compulsions. human fatalitys are psychological therefore buyers are guided by sociable anthropology as well as economics. Through the study of consumer behavior, marketing managers are better placed to make subtle decisions regarding market segments they wish to exploit. In addition, comprehending the behavior pattern of customers give fashion strategic managers with essential entropy necessary to facilitate decision making. This research is double faced since it provides comparisons amid assort tours and single tours time at the same time exploring strengths and possible bottlenecks associated with some(prenominal) forms of tourism. In a nutshell fundamental elements of individual consumers are brought to fall round off since they are dictated by behavior variab les and demographics. In the end, the research pull up stakes establish if the psychological science of a consumers is dependent on friends, family, society, class or reference free radicals.The behavior of customers is so dynamic since buyers patterns are literally unpredictable, it therefore requires a distinction in the roles played by consumers ranging from being a payer, a user or a buyer of a product. By so doing a researcher will boast an easy time predicting consumer patterns of clients and establishing social intercourseship marketing techniques this is a very powerful asset used in the analysis of consumer behavior because it establishes a keen interest in redefining the meaning of marketing. On the opposite hand relationship marketing emphasizes on the need for rediscovering customers while placing a greater importance on the need to retain current customers, manage customer relationships, customize and personalize a one to one marketing approach.Tour Packages and t heir Applicability to Consumer Behavior immediately there are many types of tourism packages basing on the suitability, convenience, cost and affordability. Researchers nonplus established that these many packages have emanated from the need for service providers to meet the wide-ranging desires and involve of customers. Tour actors and brokers find it prudent to design various packages and stipulate them with respective cost element which makes these packages affordable depending on the willingness of the customers to spend. While other customers will want a customized and economic tour package, extravagant or fun loving customers will prefer a prestigious sermon during their voyage. The packages drop be broken down further into first, special interest tours which are excursion focused on a specific eye socket of interest for type sports, arts, agriculture, and culture (Wang Hsieh Huan, 2000).Secondly, adventure tours which are sight sees knowing to encourage customer pa rticipation for a period of time that has been agree upon by the tour agents. It is based on the customers gaining firsthand experience of the rouse depending on their physical capabilities. This package is more admireable if practiced in groups since it entails physical activities thus encouraging bonding and socialization. Examples are mountain climbing, fall, skiing, diving and cycling (Solomon, 2004). Thirdly, there are regional or city tours. They sound for a span of one day within which the tour participants have to visit areas of interest within specific places in the city. The places visited could be religious, cultural, and historical and the tour agents have to provide the touring cars with meals and refreshments as stated in the package agreement.Down the list is group tours which follow a pre-arranged or frozen(p) schedule. This type of a tour is specific on the number of participants require making it very tricky for the organizers to establish the needs of eac h and either customer in the group. On the other hand, tour agents would want to net income on the sizable numbers in order to increase their profit margins or else they magnate go at a loss for entangling themselves in unprofitable group tour arrangements. The number of people in a group will definitely be limited to the mode of transport being used and availability of accommodation facilities. It also entails accompaniment by tour guides who whitethorn divide the groups into sub groups to ease movement and stay fresh on time which is a cost determinant.Finally is the fully escorted tour where a traveler is offered auspices by a specialized security buckram. It is an expensive type of tour since it entails offering of personalized services for instance security against hostility since most of these tour packages are educational in nature, the tour guides or escorts are more often than not bona fide inhabitants of a place (Shell, 2009). They are therefore equipped with kn owledge on history and cultures making them expensive. On the other hand they are very resourceful making them a preferred choice for the lovers of fully escorted tours. The consumer behavior under each of this classification is very unpredictable because most of the customers decisions is influenced by affordability, family, culture and above all, by the spirit of adventure.MethodologyAccording to tributary data dispassionate by a group of consumer behavior analysts octonary people were samplingd basing on the social welfare function and assumptions of anonymity, decisiveness, anonymity, neutrality, monotonicity, homogeneity, unanimity and Pareto optimality (Schwartz, 2004). The results collected by this group of researchers will be helpful in elucidating the primary(prenominal) points on consumer behavior analysis. With the understanding that marketing is a special platform designed by an organization to satisfying customers needs, the productive system assiduous by touring car firms is regulated beginning from production levels in such a way that it will market services offered by the firm and increase profitability. The marketing managers often design strategies that maximize on revenues while cutting down on costs and expenditures. In the research it was as realed that tour agents shooting in group package tour enjoy economies of scale because they pay for services in bulk.Likewise a strategic manager could conduct a parallel research similar to that undertaken by consumer analysts in Hong Kong. The research could emphasize on the comparison of the input signal listed in the consumer behavior black box model shown below (Schiffman Kanuk, 2007). In considering the stimulus listed in the black box model, it will act as a research tool or a guided questionnaire which limits the researcher on the scale of coverage in terms of establishing consumer behavior in relation to tourism and the motive behind how consumers spend their incomes leisure and re creation.ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORSBUYERS murky BOXMarketingStimuliEnvironmental stimuliBuyer CharacteristicsDecision processBuyers replyProductPricePlacePromotionEconomicTechnologicalpoliticalCulturalDemographicNaturalAttitudesMotivationPerceptionsPersonalityLifestyle experienceProblem wisdomInformation searchAlternative evaluation barter for decisionPost-purchase behaviorProduct choiceBrand choice principal sum choicePurchase timingPurchase amountA diagrammatic representation of the black box model (Foxall, 2005)The model shown above identifies the fundamental interaction between stimuli, decision processes, consumer characteristics and responses as visualised by consumers during the research. Using the model, consumer behaviors green goddess be noted depending on the stimuli for instance interpersonal and intrapersonal stimuli. The model is a reflection of the black box theory which attempts to explain behavior of consumers in service related industries such that marketing manag ers use these stimuli to draw relationships between them and consumer response (Kuester, 2012). In addition the black box model encloses buyers psychology and characteristics which are the main determinants of consumer responsiveness. Under this section, the researcher established that tourists are goaded by conscious judgment of the both group package and individual tours thusly establishing a fair ground for rational decision making.FindingsAs it was constitutioned by Heung Chu (2000) in a Chinese Journal fundamental meanss affecting Hong Kong consumers choice of a travel agency for all-inclusive package tour, a sample research was conducted in Hong Kong which is a very defective city boasting of being among the best metropolitan cities in the world. Although the sample population of one city passelnot be a representative of the consumer patterns portrayed by tourism industries around the world, it would be wise to use the tale on Hong Kong since the city is fast paced and employees personate exhausted due to yen working hours with little time to rest. Given such working environments, employees get some times-off to relax (LeBlanc, 2002). It was established that most people prefer all inclusive group package tours to individual tours. The services are provided by tourism agencies that can be found through online platforms such as company websites. According to the findings collected using an open ended questionnaire it was ascertained that tourists have different needs and expectations. The needs could be ranked in a descending chronology starting with price, itinerary, accommodations, meals, transportation, departure date and time, hotel facilities, personality and proceed on the list is brand of travel agency. The needs portrayed by the consumers influence how customers purchase packages for their tours.The group of consumer behavior analysts observed that out of the ogdoad customers that were sampled from Hong Kong city to fill in the question naires, six of them identified price to be the number one determinant of consumer behavior. It therefore becomes evident that customer needs are limited by the size of their wallets hence some customers may prefer going for a group package tour or else than individual tour not because they desire to but because they are limited by their income or budget. This is where the need for integrating group package tours with individual tours so as to satisfy customers who have a desire of individual tour but want to also look for the benefit of trim back price and lower botheration which group packaged tour could offer. It is afterwards prices have been considered that other factors in the needs bracket are do too surface which means that they are not as essential as price factors. Only quatern correspondents stated to care about(predicate) the itinerary drafted by the travel agents. On the same note four other customers supported accommodation mattered while touring because they cou ld opt for adventure group package tours so that they can pitch tents in the wild and spend the night in company of other tourists (Heung Chu, 2000).Only three people considered modes of transportation as a determinant in deciding between group package and individual tour. They stated reasons such as maintaining their reputation and class which makes it evident enough that in our situation, transportation is but a secondary determinant in determining customer behaviors. Moving down with our analysis on the needs of customers and how it determines their selection of a suitable tour package, it becomes imminent that scarcely one person would have issues with hotel facilities. The customer in question is after luxurious offers which can be best offered by under the fully escorted individual tour package since they can proposition spa and hot spring services which is a luxury. The main factor behind these findings is that customers have varied attitudes, motivations and perceptions a nd this influences their tour consumption behavior.Pros of Group Package ToursGroup package tours are cost saving because they travel agencies buy the packages in bulk therefore they can compete for services in the tourism industry for instance hotels and scenic site. In addition, the agencies enjoy economies of large scale or impulsive buying of packages thus their rates can be discounted or subsidized (Dellaert Ettema Lindh, 1998). The benefits can trickle down to customers through subsidized prices. The same effect is spread to meals making them affordable. Secondly, the operators take the bigger part of responsibility that could otherwise have been passed on to the tourist in the case of individual tour. In the event that something goes amiss whence the operators or agencies involved will be charged with the responsibility of solving problems on behalf of the tourists.Group package tours are time saving and convenient since the agents deal with making travel and accommodation arrangements. This saves on time an individual tourist could spend putting in place orders and booking appointments with several services providers. From the outward aspect people traveling in groups will interact along the way. Besides, people traveling in groups are assured of case since tour operators have specialized in analyzing customer behavior hence they are away of tour companies offering best services and they are able to establish areas that would be fascinating to the tourists. Some advantages will also be accrued by the travel agents who take the initiative of organizing group package tours at affordable rates. Agents get paid 10% commissions for their job.Cons of Group Package ToursTo some extent, group package tours are inflexible because tourists have to follow a given schedule and wait for schedules regarding travel, because it entails a exhibition of many people. Also, travel agents find it tricky to organize and lead groups specially during off peak seasons when the number of people willing to go on tours is below breakeven point. The operators may also be faced with challenges beyond their hold up but they will have to bear the brunt of angry group tourists who might not be willing to understand.Pros of Individual ToursSome countries attach a more personal touch to tourists using individual tour option. chinaware is an example of a country where individual tours are cheaper and a ticket to receiving special treatment such as personal care, sense of control, trained services and time flexibility (Engel Blackwell, 2006). Moreover, a tourist opting for private tours is bound to enjoy flexibility of schedules since he or she could have the opportunity of doing but what they want to do unlike in a group tour where everything is fixed and hard to negotiate. In addition, a family with children should think of using private or individual tour since the parents can plan events that will be perceived relevant to both age groups involved.C ons of Individual ToursPrivate tours are expensive in relation to group packaged tours because of the bulk involved. Whereas the latter(prenominal) enjoys economies of large scale buying of goods and services, the former has to go through the roll of paying for each and every individual services hence it is expensive. evidenceFrom the above comparisons the research established that consumer behavior is key in measure the best option between group packaged tours and individual tours (Kotler Bowen Makens, 2003). To find the best alternative to integrate individual and group package tours, wherefore agents will have to work out a strategy that will work to the advantage of both groups. This means that an agent may have to prepare new rates and schedules which allow tourists interested in having a taste of both travel and tour arrangements gain maximum benefits from both arrangements. It would be prudent for the costs to be the average of individual tour costs and that of group pac kaged tours. Therefore a person undertaking the third option should be ready to incur costs at a personal level.The agents will also be responsible for providing only the services agreed upon while neglecting the other services at the set down of the tourist. For instance, assuming someone was interested in the integrated option, he or she will be free from the scheduled group tours thus this will be the perfect opportunity to visit places of ones choice. Under the integrated option, the tourist will have to be pay consult with the travel agent for transport, insurance and accommodation services so that they enjoy subsidized group rates whereas they can determine places to visit on their own while paying for entry fees. The integrated option would be the best option for customers who want to satisfy the desire for individual tour but want to also look for the benefit of lower price and lower hassle which group packaged tour could offer.Practical Application of the Research oft wei ght of this paper is laid on the aspect of analyzing consumer behavior in relation to tourism and recreation industry. It is based on updated and current info relating the current state to tourism statistics. It lays out a learning burden fashioned with knowledge on factors influencing buyer behavior. This information is essential to a marketing manager who may be interested in study the consumer behavior in the tourism and recreation industry for the sake of control management of future forecasting.The study emphasizes that theories of motivation are very applicable in influencing customer behavior towards liking for any of the two forms of tours group package tour and individual tours (Deaton Muellbauer, 2008). Most customers are guided by motivation which inevitably implies that tourists have a liking for fascination and nature. A strategic manager in conjunction with the marketing manager should filtrate at using advertisements to create psychographics in the minds of the c onsumers. All this can be done in a bid to influence or impress customers into anticipating for such a tour. Travel agents would major their advertisements towards making people to regard group packaged tours so as to win a certain segment of the consumer market. In short a manager who approaches the market with trouble and intensive analysis of consumer needs will understand the psychology that guide decision making in tourists and capitalize on it during peak seasons. A manager may therefore make use of Maslows hierarchy of needs to deterring the social class and consequently the motivation behind customers selection among the two classes of tourism.Looking at this report from the customers point of view, a customer who reads this report is bound to justify why he or she tends to behave in a certain way. Mostly, a travel agent will want to create advertisements that motivate customers by driving their instincts into wanting to visit a place, regretting a certain events, nostalg ia or fantasies. All this are suitable strategies that can be molded into an individuals perception of holidays. On the other hand, this report may consumer educate consumers on the decision buying process applicable in the tourism industry. According to Burke Resnuk (2001), the stages start with arousal or recognition of need, it then develops into a nagging interest or want, the customer then identifies an alternative assessment of substitute decision choices. These stages finally induce a customer into either group packaged or individual tours.

Housing Need Supply And Demand Economics Essay

lodgment Need Supply And penury Economics Essay atomic number 74 pass is matchless of the smallest topical anesthetic goernment activity deep d take in England with a creation of 34,675 Office for case Statistics 2012. It is giganticly farming(prenominal) in re castation with two thirds of the bea be at bottom Exmoor content third estate. The coastal town of Minehead is the largest settlement with a race of 12,084 (Office for National Statistics 2012).1.3 By far the largest get on group within western hemisphere summerset atomic number 18 those fourth-year 60 and e genuinelyplace making 38% of the total creation (Office for National Statistics 2011). This group is well provided for within accommodate with a large number of shelter and supported caparison schemes and nursing homes both within the reclusive sector and hearty housing sector.1.4 Young flock yearsd 20 to 29 pose up approximately 9.5% of the total nation of due west flip (Office for Natio nal Statistics 2012) however they ar one of the largest age groups registered for friendly Housing within westmost pass with 23.3% of active appli merchantmants (Homefinder Somerset 2012).1.5 The economy of West Somerset relies heavily on tourism, husbandry and the fearfulness industry with the volume of hit being found within one of these playing fields. The largest employer is Butlins in Minehead (West Somerset Council 2011). The majority of work within tourism and agriculture atomic number 18 seasonal resulting in fluctuating pull ahead strikes and relatively number one lock trains within the sweep making affordability of housing a problem.2 A Profile of West Somerset2.1 The total population of West Somerset has decreased from 2001 census data to the 2011 data however the harmonise of this population that is in the age range 20 to 29 has increase during this eon from 7.7% to 9.5%. In England as a whole the percentage population of pile patriarchal 20 to 29 in 2011 is 13.7%, utmoster than in West Somerset. The largest age group within West Somerset is those over age of 60 making a total of 38% of the population in 2011 in contrast to a percentage population of 22.3% for this age group in England as a whole (Office for National Statistics 2012). disconcert 1 nation of West SomersetAge Range2011 state2011 piece2001 Population2001 Percentage19 and under(a)6 26418.1%7 22520.6%20 293 2939.5%2 6877.7%30 5911 92534.4%13 44238.3%60 and over13 19338.0%11 71533.4%Total Population34 67535 069 stock Office for National StatisticsTable 2 Population of EnglandAge Range2011 Population2011 Percentage2001 Population2001 Percentage19 and under12 712 27524.0%12 327 68824.9%20 297 246 20213.7%6 307 05212.8%30 5921 221 17340.0%20 584 02141.6%60 and over11 832 80622.3%10 230 98520.7%Total Population53 012 45649 449 746Source Office for National Statistics2.2 A large equalizer of homes in West Somerset ar owner occupied approximately 67% compared to a field of study average of 63% (Office National Statistics 2012) and the average price of a tolerate in Somerset as of October 2012 is 160,349 very close to the internal average for England and Wales of 161,605 (Land Registry 2012). The migration into the area by concourse wishing to buy retirement homes or second homes has pushed the prices up to very close to the national average. Private learned housing makes up 16% of accommodation with amicable housing approximately 15% (Office National Statistics 2012).2.3 Average earnings in West Somerset are 523.00 per calendar week which is be humbled the average for England of 609.50 per week (Somerset County Council 2011). The majority of work is within the tourism and agricultural industries and is seasonal in nature and hence first base give. This below average earnings coupled with high comp renegade of housing makes home ownership very uncorrectable for local anesthetic nation and especially for progeny mess.2.4 In West Somerset social housing is supplied by Housing Associations of which Magna West Somerset holds the largest stock. Of the 1921 properties owned by Magna West Somerset, 1439 of these are general chooses properties with the rest being sheltered or supported accommodation. Of the 1439 general collects properties only 161 (11.2%) are 1 bedchamber properties.3 Housing Need, Supply and Demand3.1 Everyone has a fate for housing of some sort, the type and availability varies around the globe. In the UK the withdraw for housing is measured by the local authority using several(a) facts and figures available to them such as number of homeless applications or come registered for housing as well as the demographic profile of the area (Lazarus 2012).3.2 Housing consider can be described as the rely for housing on with the ability to pay for that desire. Housing supply would be described as the amount of housing produced at a price. The demand and supply of housing can fluctuate with various factors influencing both save in the long term, the supply of housing should equal its demand, because price volition provide the equilibrating mechanism linking the two (Harriott Matthews1998 p23)3.3 The demographic profile of an area along with the economic factors lead have an effect on the supply and need of housing. Within the West Somerset area the population as a whole has reduced since 2001 however a larger percentage are over 60 requiring specialist housing and in like manner small people who are looking to get onto the property ladder for the first time as homeowners or by studying in all the clannish or social housing sectors. The need for starter housing by early people has increased however pecuniary pressures often hatch that they are unable to own their own home or fill within the private sector.3.4 Homefinder Somerset is a woof based lettings assignation scheme for affordable housing in Somerset. Within West Somerset in 2012 there were 1363 a ctive applications for housing registered a total of 3.9% of the population. Of these registrations 318 are applicants aged 20-29 which is 23.3% of total number registered, a oft higher(prenominal) proportion than those aged 20-29 of the population as a whole (Homefinder Somerset 2012).3.5 Of the 318 registrations from applicants aged 20 to 29, 109 (33.3%) of these state that they are non animateness in their own property at the moment and are living with family or friends (Homefinder Somerset 2012). Increasingly young people are finding it to a great extent difficult to move out of the family home for the first time due to financial pressures so are free living with parents up to a much older age.3.6 The Rural Housing Project in Exmoor National Park is an independent project which attempts to encourage local people to remain living and working in the area (Exmoor National Park 2012). They identify the level of housing need through conducting surveys and also holding consulta tion events. They and so work in partnership with developers and housing associations to deliver affordable housing for local people.3.7 After a consultation by The Rural Housing Project a need for rural housing in Exmoor National Park was identified for young people. A scheme was developed in the village of Wheddon Cross in June 2011 and consisted of a mix of affordable private housing and social housing. This scheme of 10 properties for social housing include 2 one bedroom properties. Of the 10 properties 9 of these were let to young people and of these 9, six were to young people with no children with 3 of these being let to siblings (Rural Housing Project 2012).3.8 Funding for building of bran-new properties by housing associations call for to be raised by either loans or from rents. Magna West Somerset, the largest housing association in the area has made a decision to non develop any new properties once those presently being built are finished. This is due to interest rat es for loans being unfavourable coupled with the uncertainty of rental income with the introduction of Universal credit in 2013 when the housing element of benefit get out be paid direct to the tenant and no longer straight to the landlord. This room that very few new properties will be developed in the area in the foreseeable future.4 Economic Factors4.1 In 2007 the economy in the UK suffered what is known as the credit crunch where the availability of credit and mortgages was disadvantageously cut causing a crisis in the housing market and time out and an increase in the demand for social housing (Lazarus 2012). The economy still has not recovered from this completely and although this caused a fall in house prices, the demand for housing within the private sector is also not there as buyers are unable to access finance. Building firms approach financial difficulties and some went into receivership so the supply of housing has also been drastically cut.4.2 Unemployment levels are high especially amongst young people. Job Seekers Allowance for a single young person under age of 25 is 56.25 per week and for those 25 and over it is 71 per week (gov.uk 2012). Although they can also claim housing benefit many young people struggle to finance a home on their own with the emerging cost of utilities and food.4.3 An authoritative part of economic success for an area is the ability to retain young working people. There is a very short supply of affordable housing in rural areas for young people so they either remain at home for longer or leave to seek affordable accommodation in more urban areas (West Somerset Council 2009).4.4 West Somerset is a predominantly rural area which adds extra expenditure to living costs. There is very little public transport draw out along the coastal corridor from Minehead to Taunton with a bus route. The nearest railway set is Taunton and the only railway running within West Somerset is a steam heritage railway. Most people ther efore have the added expense of having to run a car.4.5 A large section of West Somerset is also not served by mains gas, including a great number of social housing properties in Minehead. This means that heating costs are higher due to using either electric or oil heating. match to figures published in 2010 by the Department of Energy and Climate potpourri 21.5% of households in West Somerset are in fuel scantness (Department of Energy and Climate Change 2010). A household is said to be in fuel poverty if it needs to spend more than 10% of its income on fuel to maintain a satisfactory heating regimen (Department of Energy and Climate Change 2012).4.6 These increased expenses of trigger and utilities experienced within rural locations mean that affording housing in these areas is almost impossible for young single people on a low wage or not working.5 Legislation5.1 The Welfare Reform stand for 2012 will bring in many changes to benefits. One of the main things that will fall young people is from April 2013 any person of working age under occupying a property and claiming housing benefit will have their benefit cut by 14% for one spare bedroom or 25% for two spare bedrooms commonly known as the bedroom tax (national Housing Federation 2012). This is already causing a assay on the demand for one bedroom properties by people who will be affected by this cut wanting to downsize which is causing more competition for these properties with young people wanting to get their first home.5.2 The local anesthetic Government Finance Act 2012 removes council tax benefit and instead puts the righteousness on councils to develop their own scheme called Council Tax Support (Turn2Us 2012). The new scheme will be different in every council area however the government funding for each scheme has been cut which means that each council will have to find savings. Elderly and vulnerable people will be protected so working age people will likely have to pay council tax whet her they are in work or not.5.3 In West Somerset proposals have been put forward which include all working age people who are not working and so claiming Council Tax Support to pay 20% of their council tax bill and also for higher rates of non depended deductions. This will probably preclude young single people who are out of work from being able to afford to have their own home. Those that stay at home or with friends and family if the household is claiming council tax benefit will also find that there is a larger non dependent deduction aerated to the household they are staying with (West Somerset Council 2012).5.4 The government in the Chancellors Autumn line announced that benefits will only rise by 1%, a below inflation rise (Brown 2012). This means that benefits for unemployed young people will stay at a low level and with the cost of housing and living increasing the chance of obtaining and sustaining a tenancy is acquiring harder for them.5.5 The topical anaestheticism Act 2011 gives new rights and powers to local authorities with regard to a variety of issues including housing. Before the act almost anyone could apply to live in social housing, whether they need it or not (Department Communities and Local Government 2011 p15). Social housing however is now more than ever in greater demand due to the economic climate within the country. This act gives local councils the ability to agree on policy that can restrict who can qualify for social housing in the area. At this time, Homefinder Somerset the choice based lettings system used by West Somerset has not made any changes to its letting policy with regard to the Localism Act to restrict applications for housing.5.6 Young people who wish to rent privately within West Somerset if they are on a low wage would be entitled to claim pay heedance with their rent through Local Housing Allowance. Since January 2012 any single person up to the age of 35 can only claim local housing allowance for a room in sh ared accommodation rather than a ego contained 1 bedroom property. At present this rate is 66.50 per week in West Somerset. From April 2013 the Local Housing Allowance will only be increased by the Consumer Price Index rather than market rent as previously (South Somerset District Council 2012) so a turn away increase will happen each year so making it harder for young people on a low wage to rent privately. In his Autumn Statement the Chancellor then announced that after(prenominal) next April the Local Housing Allowance will only rise by 1% for the next two years (Brown 2012). This will make many private rental properties out of the price range of people on benefits and also those on low wages.6 Conclusion6.1 The issues skirt housing of young people in West Somerset are mainly of affordability and availability.6.2 The availability of 1 bedroom properties for young people without children is not good especially as these properties are now also in demand from other people wishin g to downsize due to welfare mend changes and very little new building taking place.6.3 Affordability due to low wages or unemployment and of high costs of living due to rising utility costs and food.6.4 West Somerset Housing Strategy recognises the need to keep young people within the area for a sustainable community however more needs to be done to service with the low wage base and affordability of housing.6.5 More affordable housing needs to be provided for young people that is near to employment so that travel costs are kept to a minimum and also that is low cost to run with regard to utilities by using new technology.6.6 Strategies to assist with training for work and also attracting new business into the area to help increase the number of people in work and the average wage for the area should also be looked at.

Uptake of Family Planning Services among Students at MSU

Uptake of Family intend Services among Students at MSUDETERMINANTS OF BEHAVIOUR STUDY INTO FACTORS RELATED TO UPTAKE OF FAMILY pro day-dream SERVICES AMONG COLLEGE STUDENTS AT MSUCHAPTER 1INTRODUCTIONFamily cookery is the action interpreted by indivi two-folds to prevent or delay pregnancy and is achieved through the hold of contraceptive methods. Family provision run include mystical advice about methods of contraceptive method, confidential advice about STIs, pregnancy tests, diaphragms, IUDs, insertion or removal of the contraceptive implants, caoutchouc distri unlession and education both to egg-producing(prenominal)s and males. Some attends give up dual advantages (assist in child spacing and withal in protection against STIs), specimen is condom.BackgroundThe worlds sum total fertility rate has dropped dramatically, from 5 children per woman in the early 1950s to 2.1 children per woman today, largely owe to more widespread enforce of advanced contraceptives, esp ecially in the develop world. (Creanga et al. 2011), this shows a tremendous success of the curriculum over the years. Having seen that at that place is at one time high inculcate familiar activities in colleges, family planning was introduced in colleges with the intention of decrease unwanted pregnancies, and STIs occurrences. Also from a global perspective, use of modern contraception has risen slightly, from 54% in 1990 to 57% in 2012. From a regional perspective, the proportion of women aged 1549 reporting use of a modern contraceptive method has risen minimally or plateaued betwixt 2008 and 2012. In Africa it went from 23% to 24%, in Asia it has remained at 62%, and in Latin America and the Caribbean it rose slightly from 64% to 67%.(WHO) this wake appreciation of use of modern contraceptives.Family planning has been seen to assist in pregnancy-related wellness risks in women, reducing rates of unintended pregnancies, family planning also reduces the pick up for uns afe abortion, helping to prevent HIV/AIDS, empowering people and enhancing education, reducing teen pregnancies, slowing tribe growth (WHO Family planning, n.d.). heretofore under family planning there is modern family planning and natural family planning, both involves methods for achieving and avoiding pregnancy. NFP involves methods that argon based on observation of the naturally occurring symptoms and signs of the un plenteous and fertile phases of a womans menstrual cycle whilst modern FP does not involve observation of the fertile and infertile phases of the woman cycle provided involves the use of drugs, devices and surgical procedures in an attempt to reduce pregnancy. Modern contraceptives involve methods like the pill, injectable, implants, IUDs, male and female sterilizations, condoms, the diaphragm, spermicides whilst natural family planning methods involves methods like withdrawal( coitus interuptus) where a man withdraws his member from his partners vagina, and ejaculates outside the vagina, (WHO) periodic abstinence, the billings method.NFP has been seen to have other advantages compared to modern FP in the sentiency that NFP does not have any side effects, it is inexpensive, it fosters mutual communication among the wife and the husband, boyfriend and girlfriend, it is environsally friendly and it come alongs marital chastity but however both they prevent pregnancy.Geographic settingMSU is a university in Zimbabwe base in the midlands province in a central townsfolk known as Gweru. Narrowing down to its precise location, it is 10Km south eastward of Gweru which is the provincial capital for midlands province. MSU was established in the year 2000 with a strategic goal of establishing a fully semesterised university with 10 faculties, 18000 students, 900 teaching and 400 protrude staff with the requisite service and infrastructure by the year 2015. The vision of the university is to be a unique, development oriented, pace setting a nd stakeholder impelled university that produces innovational and enterprising graduates. MSU is currently found at the former Gweru teachers college (main campus) and off campus at the Batanai complex in Senga Township, Telone training centre and part of the Institute of custody planning and development.MSU is a fully semesterised and modularized university which enrolls twice every year and then in March and August for four and five year program with third level being of work related learning in industries and other relevant work places. MSU has got an undergraduate tame, post graduate work and a visiting school where those visiting students attend classes for a workweek per month and they complete their studies in 3 years. MSU is honesty, integrity, and hard work driven and has a passion for excellence which is tempered by self-discipline and do for others, it is also driven by sensitivity to gender equality and equity, take of the disadvantaged, Afri discount culture an d devotion to self-sufficiency and professionalism.adapted from university website www.msu.ac.zwPROBLEM financial statementDespite the high numbers of condoms being distributed monthly at MSU, high numbers of STIs are still being reported at the school clinic. In 2011 a total of 286 were treated for STIs at the school, in 2012 a total of 790 students reported with an STI at the school clinic. In 2013 a total of 616 students reported with an STI at the school clinic. There is also presumed occurrences of unwanted pregnancies almost the school.Table 1 statistics for the use of goods and run of family planning practise at the school in the year 2013Table 2 statistics for the inhalation of family planning work at the school in the year 2012Table 32013 STIs statistics at the school from Jan declinationTable 42012 STIs statistics at the school from Jan DecIt will therefore be necessary to explore the elements that influence use of contraception or family planning go by stude nts at MSU implication OF THE STUDYThe findings of the contemplate will help in identifying gaps/loopholes in service delivery and service white plague by students therefore contributing to the manoeuvreing of these loopholes.The findings of this education will help or is important in the following approach up with interventions to assist in the saloon of teenage pregnancyPrevention of transmission of wind upually transmitted infectionsReveal the factors associated with the uptake of family planning operate by MSU studentsReveal the challenges faced by students trying to access family planning operateHelp come up with strategies/recommendations to curb or address the challengesCHAPTER 2LITERATURE REVIEWMany studies have been done with the aim of finding the factors as to why people adopt to family planning services. several(prenominal) studies have achieved this goal of identifying the factors that contributes to the uptake of family planning services, be it socio economic, c ultural, behavioural, religious.Studies relating to behavioral factors modify uptake of family planning servicesBelow is a detailed appraise of the studies which highlighted factors which determine/influence uptake of family planning be it negatively or positively.In a withdraw by Kibret, 2003 it was indicated that students had high knowledge of contraceptives and where to drag them but level of usage of contraceptive was low. Reasons were inadequacy of access to services, carelessness, unwitting stirual intercourse and pressure from informal partner of which these factors reduce the uptake of FP and not only that a need by (Anochie and Ikpeme, 2003) indicated that students in the growing world exhibit puny knowledge and little exposure to contraceptives implying that if students in the developing world have little exposure to contraceptives they ability have the knowledge about the contraceptives but not house-to-housely because if exposed to the contraceptives they mi ght not be able to know how they are used, thus financial support the field of operation by Kibret, 2003 but the deal didnt comment comprehensively as to why these students in the developing world exhibit little knowledge to contraceptive use.another(prenominal) conceive by (Orji et al., 2005) highlighted the most normally used contraceptives by undergraduates students and indicated that condoms were the most ordinarily used contraceptive. However the take did not give a complete description of why it is the commonly used compared to other contraceptives.(Lebese et al., 2013) then looked at a study on the factors influencing the uptake of contraception services by Vatsonga adolescents in rural communities of Vhembe order in Limpopo province, South Africa. The findings revealed that adolescents were aware of the availability of contraception services although they lacked comprehensive knowledge about contraception and contraceptives which lead to negative attitudes towards us ing the services, also cultural wellness beliefs and attitudes were also identified as barriers to the uptake and use of contraceptives. This study also supports the study by Kibret, 2003 and (Anochie and Ikpeme, 2003) that knowledge is there but there is no comprehensive knowledge and understanding of contraception.(Dangat and Njau, 2013) go oned a study on knowledge, attitude and practice on family planning services among adolescents in bitary schools and provided ample state for the reason against use of FP services amongst this group. push through of the 316 respondents interviewed, 171 (54,8%) mentioned the sales outlet of FP causing infertility, slightly thus 101 (32,2%) utter it reduces sexual pleasure, 91 (29%) said its a behavior that promotes promiscuity, 88 (28,3) mentioned the issue of causing diseases to the reproductive organs, 82 (26,8%) mentioned the issue of that the behavior shows a curl of multiple sexual partnership, 67 (21,5%) mentioned the issue of caus ing severe bleeding, some from the study thus 46 (14,6%) said it causes death, 151 (48,1%) from the study group said FP causes damage to the uterus. Generally this study tried to capture students view on the factors that reduces uptake of family planning in schools.The same study showed that a greater population of the school was being encouraged to take family planning services by their parents 187 (59,2%) and a smaller proportion was being encouraged by their religious leadership, further study should be done so as to try and explore the reason as to why religious leaders has a smaller proportion than parents.According to a study by (Kiragu and Zabin, 1995) of contraceptive use among high school students showed that certain beliefs reduce the uptake of FP services by students. The findings pointed misconceptions such as some amongst the students believe that a girl set upnot be pregnant if the girl washes her genitals after sex thus 2,7% males ,1.4% females gave an chimerical chemical reaction whilst 16,3% males, 26,3% females gave a I dont know response to the question and also that a girl does not get pregnant if the girl jumps up and down after having sex 5,6% males , 2,6% females gave an anomalous response to the question whilst 28,1% males, 36,4% females gave a I dont know response to the question, some students didnt even know that using a condom could prevent STIs thus 11,2% males, 21,1% females gave an incorrect response whilst 16,8% males , 35,6% females gave an I dont know response to the question. Another question was that a girl cannot get pregnant if she has sex standing up 8,8% males , 5,0% females gave an incorrect response to the question whilst 26,1% males , 39,2% females gave an I dont know response to the question. Another issue was on the question that a girl can get pregnant even if she has sex only once 18,7% males, 11,2% females gave incorrect responses whilst 11,3% males , 14,5% females gave an I dont know response to the questio n. This shows a propensity of knowledge gaps at the school as far as FP and sexual reproductive health issues are concerned and this shows that knowledge is an important factor in the uptake of family planning services as knowledge can affect the uptake positively or negatively.Another study by (Getrude Namazzi, 2013) highlighted important factors on the theoretical framework that the police detective categorized as health related factors and client related factors which my study might strike from the researchers study as they impose an effect to the uptake of family planning needless of the fact that the researcher applied them to women attending child health clinic when the researcher was conducting a study on missed opportunities for modern family planning services among women attending child health clinics. On client related factors was age, lack of knowledge on FP, fear of side effects on modern contraceptives. On health related factors was long waiting time, long surpass to health facilities, limited funds for service delivery, stock outs of contraceptives and also incapable pauperization of health care workers.In a study conducted by(Seeri and Maheshwaran, n.d.) on the knowledge, attitude of rural college students regarding contraception, the study gave evidence that the students had positive attitude towards FP as among the 426 college students that participated, 50% of the students felt that family planning improves the following such as, 62,5% said it improves health of people, 54% said it improves quality of life, 51% said it solves social problems whilst 32% said it prevents occurances of unwanted pregnancy. Having a positive attitude towards FP can incite college students to take up FP services thus boosting uptake in schools. However in the study there was under utilization of FP as the study noted that knowledge regarding various contraceptive methods was poor. This was also evidenced by looking, comparing the % awareness of each method with the % awareness of other studies. For exemplify in the study by(Renjhen et al., 2010), the % condom awareness was 85%, OCP was 40%, as compared with 70,9% condom awareness and 30,8% OCP awareness for this study. The study really gave ample evidence that contraceptive and sex education is needed to increase the uptake of FP among college students.Another study by (Relwani et al., 2012) on exploring the emergency contraceptives knowledge, attitude and practices of engineering college girls found out that knowledge of EC was low among the students therefore contributing to underutilization of the method. In the study a strong association between source of education and level of knowledge was noted. The study further support the study by(Seeri and Maheshwaran, n.d.) that to promote use there is need for education and it further explains the strategies for promoting use which the study recommended spreading of accurate information through medical sources which are reliable. The s tudy by (Seeri and Maheshwaran, n.d.) and (Relwani et al., 2012) share something which is, the college students from both studies had positive attitudes but their knowledge was poor and mis informations were high.THEORETICAL FRAMEWORKThe model that will be used to conduct or carryout the study is the PRECEDE PROCEED model but counsel on phase 4 which is the educational and organizational diagnosis.It has got three categories which the study will look at which are predisposing, reinforcing and enabling factors.Predisposing factors are those antecedents to behavior that provides rationale for the behavior (uptake of family planning services)Enabling factors are the antecedents to behavior that enables motivation to be realizedReinforcing factors are factors subsequent to a behavior that provides the go on reward or incentive for the behavior and contribute to its persistence or repetition.OPERATIONAL DEFINITIONSUptake of family planning in this study uptake of family planning inst rument the use of family planning services for instance contraceptives by students at midlands state university in midlands provinceStudent at MSU in this study it is any person male or female who is taking lectures or learning at Midlands State University.Contraception in this study promoter any method of birth control which prevents conception such as condoms, diaphragmsOn campus/ off campus in this study on campus means at the campus, off campus means outside campus.Year 1.2, 2.1 and 2.2 in this study 1.2 means students at MSU who are in their first year but in their second semester, 2.1 means those students in their second year but in their first semester, 2.2 then means students in their second year and second semester.Predisposing factors any characteristic of a person or a population that motivates behaviour prior to the occurrence of that behaviour, for example knowledge, attitudes, values, beliefs, perceived needs and abilities (Green et al., 2005).Reinforcing factors these are rewards and punishments following or anticipated as a result of behaviour. They serve to strengthen the motivation for behaviour. These include family, peers, Health Care Workers, the media and others (Green et al., 2005).Enabling factors characteristics of the environment that facilitate action and any skill or resource requisite to attain a specific behaviour. These include accessibility and availability of programmes, resources and services, skills, funds and time, facilities (Green et al., 2005).PURPOSE OF THE STUDYTo find out the factors associated to the uptake of family planning services among MSU studentsRESEARCH QUESTIONWhat are the factors that are associated or factors that influence the uptake of family planning services among MSU?RESEARCH OBJECTIVESThe objectives of the study will be to all-encompassing ObjectiveIdentify the behavioral factors that influence the uptake of family planning services by students of MSUSpecific Objectives read the predisposing factors related to uptake of family planning services by college studentsDetermine the reinforcing factors associated to uptake of family planning services by college studentsDetermine the enabling factors influencing the uptake of family planning services by college students

Information Security Threats And Countermeasures Information Technology Essay

Information Security Threats And Countermeasures Information Technology evidenceA common body of fellowship for entropy security is form when information from around the globe is grouped together for the purpose of organism used as a guideline on how to secure information. on that point atomic scrap 18, however no universally accepted common body of knowledge for information security, though ongoing efforts ar made to establish hotshot limitation that occurs in current developments of such a body of knowledge, is that it frequently focuses primarily on professionals in industry and leaves no room or probability for low-level users (such as end users) who require a scaled-down magnetic variation of this knowledge. The aim of the common body of knowledge that is developed as dispel of the basis for the Information Security Retrieval and Awareness model proposed in this paper is twofold to focus specifically on users with little or no formal background on how to properly s ecure information they work with, yet also not to exclude professionals.Computer systems are vulnerable to many threats that peck inflict unhomogeneous types of damage resulting in significant losings. This damage can range from errors harming informationbase integrity to fires destroying entire information processing system centers. Losses can stem, for example, from the actions of supposedly trusted employees defrauding a system, from outside hackers, or from careless data entry clerks. Precision in estimating computer security-related losses is not possible because many losses are never disc everyplaceed, and others are swept under the carpet to avoid unfavorable publicity. The effects of various threats varies considerably some affect the confidentiality or integrity of data art object others affect the availability of a system.According to threats are categorized jibe to the type of information system asset that is affected, the categories are package, hardware, data, pe rsonnel, administration, network, physical. There are roughly 15 leading information system threats, among those threats are data processing errors, network breakdowns, software breakdowns, and viruses. Viruses are one of the most familiar threats to computer systems. One can define a computer virus as a total recursive function which applies to every broadcast and obtains its infected form such that can infect other chopinesAmong all in all lot of viruses that exist there are a number of viruses cattish Codes/programs and backdoors. Malicious edicts and programs refer tovirus (that reproduces by attaching to another program), worm (an mugwump program that reproduces by copying itself from one system to another, usually over a network)and fifth column programs (an independent program that appears to perform a profitable function but that hides another unauthorized program inside it). septic on a machine and permits an attacker to misrepresent the compromised machines netw ork. Malicious code can cause significant security breaches such as endanger the availability of information once it infects programs/files and corrupts them thus making them in entrance feeible. A trojan program installed success ripey in your PC, can permit an intruder to approaching or modify any information available in the PC and worst still the software configuration of a computer can be changed to permit subsequent intrusions.Hard dish antenna boot sphere of influence The virus infects the DOS boot sector of the hard drive.Extending The virus extends the sizing of the infected program fileBoot sector The virus infects the variance table of the hard book or even the floppy disk boot sector.Disk corruption The virus corrupts all of part of the disk. lodge linkage Directly or indirectly corrupts the file linkage.Resident The virus installs itself in memory.Runtime slow down The virus affects system run-time operations.Types of countermeasuresIS security threats ado pt increased significantly in recent years. We identified the gaps between animal trainer perceptions of IS security threats and the security countermeasures adopted by firms by collecting falsifiable data from 109 Taiwanese enterprises. Industry type and organizational use of IT were seen as the two factors that affected the motivation of firms to adopt security countermeasures, but their murder did not necessarily affect the threat perceptions of the managers. Analyses of responses suggested that the scope of the countermeasures adopted were not commensurate with the severity of the perceived threats. Among the threats, networks were rated as contributing the most wicked threat and yet had the lowest level of protection this was followed by threats repayable to personnel and administrative issues. We therefore addressed threat mitigation strategies, specifically in terms of the differences between industriesThere are a number of countermeasures that can be done to prevent thr eats from interfering with the functionality of information systems.Software User entrance logs, system recovery, multi-user system, automatic debug and test, access control to program arising, verification of system modified, convert channels and Trojan code. hardware Remote mirroring, surveillance system use, entrance limitation, Uninterruptable power supplies and periodical disk checking.Data Information backup, data access controls, user access rights, oblige path, event logging, information handling procedures, management of removal media, and disposal of media. engagement Antivirus software, encryption, user authentication, instruction detection systems, firewalls, alternative circuits, digital signatures, limitation of connector time.Unsecured Windows file sharings. Anyone with File and Print sharing enabled and using piece of land level access are exposed to this threat, a common source of security problem under Windows operating systems. The demerit in an unlatch ed windows shares can be exploited by intruders in an automated steering to place tools on large numbers of Windows based computers attached to the Internet. An unbolted windows shares together with DOS tools can become a great opportunity for intruders to launch DOS attacks. It was discovered recently that there is a flaw in the way that Windows handles the passwords for file sharing. An attacker still can access a password protected shared driving without knowing the full password just the first character of it. A special program can be easily written to exploit the problem and in fact are already circulating around the Net, to be do by by intruders everywhere.ConclusionThe emerging trends in network security threats are leading more and more towards the need for pro-active Intrusion Prevention Systems, and supercharge away from the traditional Intrusion Detection Systems with alert only capabilities. The intent of a security program is to choose and implement cost effectual countermeasures that mitigate the vulnerabilities that will most likely lead to loss.

Leukemia: Types and Treatment Options

Leukemia Types and Treatment Options background knowledge information Leukemia is a illness that has been affecting society these days. Ab bulge 119,280 newly cases ar being found out this year. Leukemia is a filiation crabmeat having to do with leukocytes, or as better known blank railway line cells, that take over the overdress marrow and spread throughout the declination stream in our personate. White job cells exist in our body to protect it against diseases and infections.thither ar five causes of white blood cells that go through the blood to the site of infection. These cells argon grouped into cardinal groups Granulocytes and Agranulocytes. Granulocytes are a category of white blood cells characterized by the presence of granules in their cytoplasm.Neutrophils are granulocyte and are the most common White Blood cubicle (WBC) in the body. Its the first one to show up to ingest bacterium, virus particles, fungi, and protozoa. Eosinophils have a bilobed nuclei and uniform-sized cytosplamic granule. They moderate allergic reactions and defend against bloodsucking worm infestations. Basophilis is also a Granulocyte and the smallest of the three. They discharge their granules containing histamine and heparin into dam advanced waver spaces to promote inflammation and blood flow to damaged areas.Agranulocytes lacks granules in their cytoplasm. The two types of granulocytes are as follow Monocytes which travel through the blood for a day before even existing. The migrating monocytes are big eaters and they develop into macrophages and phagocytose bacteria debris in the tissue. Lymphocytes are grouped into T cells and B cells. T cells may directly attack foreign and tumor cells. B cells learn antibodies attack foreign cells or proteins. These are the cells that are affected when a person is diagnosed with leukemia.According to healthcommunities.com Leukemia is classified by how quickly it progresses. Acute leukemia is strong-growing and scu m bag overrun the body within a some weeks or months. By contrast, chronic leukemia is slow-growing and progressively worsens over years. The blood-forming cells of knifelike leukemia remain in an immature state, so they reproduce and accumulate very rapidly. on that pointfore, acute leukemia inescapably to be treated immediately otherwise the disease may be gameyal within a few months. Fortunately, some subtypes of acute leukemia react very well to available therapies and they are curable. Children often develop acute forms of leukemia, which are served differently from leukemia in full-growns.Chronic Leukemia is distinguished by the unwarranted build up of relatively mature, except still abnormal, white blood cells. Usually it takes months or years to progress the cells produce at a faster rate than normal cells, resulting in many abnormal white blood cells in the blood. Chronic leukemia mostly occurs in older people, but can also occur in any age group. There is Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia that often occurs to adult older than the age of 55. There is also Chronic Myelogenous Leukemia that occurs mainly in adults and a very few amount of children develop the disease.Acute lymphocytic leukemia is the most common type of leukemia in young children. This disease also affects adults, especially at age 65 and older. This type of Leukemia is a cancer of the white blood cells, characterized by the overproduction and continuous multiplication of malignant and immature white blood in the bone marrow. It is a hematological malignancy. (Pakhare 2004)The Bone nub is a soft highly vascular modified connective tissue that occupies the cavities and cancellate part of most bones and occurs in two forms a a whitish or yellowish bone marrow consisting chiefly of fat cells and predominating in the cavities of the long bones-called also yellow marrow b a reddish bone marrow containing little fat, being the chief lieu of red blood cell and blood granulocyte format ion, and occurring in the normal adult further in cancellous tissue especially in real flat bones-called also red marrow (Merriam-Webster Dictionary.)When a Bone effect starts to produce abnormally white blood cells, it is called leukemia. When the white blood cells are being produced in a vast amount and at a fast rate, it starts to feast on the erythrocytes therefore leaving the body with out any blood. Blood is what keeps the human body alive. It carries the oxygen through our entirely body. There three ways to treat leukemia and that is Chemotherapy, Radiation Therapy, and Bone Marrow Transplants.Chemotherapy uses drugs to cut down the cancer cells. These drugs can be given intravenously, orally, subcutaneously, intramuscularly (injected into muscle), or intrathecally. But the chemotherapy treatment varies since there are different types of leukemia and not only does it kill the cancer cells but it also kills other cells.Radiation therapy plant life by damaging the genetic material (DNA) within cells, which prevents the cellsfrom growing and reproducing. Although the radiotherapy is directed at cancer cells, water-loving cells near the cancer cells may also be damaged. However, a goal of radiotherapy is to protect the healthy cells as much as possible, so that the benefit (destroying the cancer cells) outweighs the luck(harming healthy cells). (The Leukemia and Lymphoma Society 2009)Bone Marrow transplant replaces the diseased bone marrow with a healthier one. Bone marrow transplantation is carry out by the intravenous administration of bone marrow or cornerstone cells capable of reproducing themselves and repopulating an empty or defective bone marrow. Often, chemotherapy and/or irradiation therapy are required prior to the administration of the stem cells in society to eradicate the remaining defective bone marrow. For patients with cancer, the chemotherapy and radiation therapy also are effective at treating the cancer. (Cutler 2005)But what are the positive and negative outcomes of these treatments? Although Chemotherapy does manage to kill most cancerous cell it also comes with some side- effectuate. For interpreter nausea, vomiting, hair loss, fatigue, anemia, mouth sores, taste and smell changes, infection, diarrhea, menopause, and infertility. The side-effects of Radiation Therapy treatment are similar to the ones of Chemotherapy. A bone marrow may not be successful because of disease recurrence or regimen-related toxicity. Regimen-related toxicity refers to side effects that patients may experience during the course of transplantation. These side effects include graft-vs-host disease (GvHD), graft rejection, bacterial infections, fungal infections, viral infections, gastrointestinal and hepatic complications, neurologic complications, pulmonary complications, and late effects after stem cell transplant.Although these treatments can help people with leukemia it can also kill them. It might kill cancerous cells bu t it also kills other good cells.

Childhood Depression :: Psychological Treatment for Depressed Students

about(prenominal) adults and many children and adolescents reserve a few bad days here(predicate) and there, sometimes three or four in a row. When this happens, your climate is bad, you feel like jumping on people for nonhing. You sleep, but you do not rest. You eat, but you atomic number 18 not hungry. Your life is one outsized chore. Everything that was fun is work and what usually is work is like walking with hire boots. Often you mystify stomach aches, headaches, aching, dizziness and other symptoms, but the doctors plunder not find anything wrong. When family and friends want to talk, you do not listen. If you sess, you stay all and wish they would all just go away. And you think about what you have got to do, and you wish you could put it off for ever. And about what you have done, and about what could go wrong, and how you could never live like this for 30 more years. Of course not everyone has all those symptoms every time. When people argon clinically depresse d, they have this for weeks, months, and lots years. Nearly everyone knows someone who has been severely depressed as 6% of the worlds tribe has had an episode of severe printing like this. Suicide occurs in 15% of depressed people. Depression in school-age children may be one of the intimately overlooked and under treated psychological disorders of childhood, presenting a serious psychic health problem. Depression in children has become an important issue in research due to its many emotional forms, and its relationship to self-destructive behaviors. Depressive disorders are of particular importance to school psychologists, who are very much placed in the best position to identify, refer, and treat depressed children. Procedures need to be true to identify natural depression in students to avoid allowing those children struggling with depression to go undetected. Depression is one of the most treatable forms of disorders, with an 80-90% chance of improvement if individuals receive intervention (Dubuque, 1998). On the other hand, if untreated, serious cases of depression in childhood discount be severe, long, and interfere with all aspects of development, relationships, school progress, and family life (Janzen, & Saklofske, 1991). The existence of depression in school-age children was nearly unrecognized until the 1990s. In the past, depression was thought of as a problem that only adults struggled with, and if children did experience it, they experienced depression in all different than adults did.Childhood Depression Psychological Treatment for Depressed Students close adults and many children and adolescents have a few bad days here and there, sometimes three or four in a row. When this happens, your mood is bad, you feel like jumping on people for nothing. You sleep, but you do not rest. You eat, but you are not hungry. Your life is one larger chore. Everything that was fun is work and what usually is work is like walking with leave sim ply boots. Often you have stomach aches, headaches, aching, dizziness and other symptoms, but the doctors empennage not find anything wrong. When family and friends want to talk, you do not listen. If you can, you stay alone and wish they would all just go away. And you think about what you have got to do, and you wish you could put it off for ever. And about what you have done, and about what could go wrong, and how you could never live like this for 30 more years. Of course not everyone has all those symptoms every time. When people are clinically depressed, they have this for weeks, months, and often years. Nearly everyone knows someone who has been severely depressed as 6% of the worlds world has had an episode of severe depression like this. Suicide occurs in 15% of depressed people. Depression in school-age children may be one of the most overlooked and under treated psychological disorders of childhood, presenting a serious kind health problem. Depression in children has b ecome an important issue in research due to its many emotional forms, and its relationship to self-destructive behaviors. Depressive disorders are of particular importance to school psychologists, who are often placed in the best position to identify, refer, and treat depressed children. Procedures need to be developed to identify depression in students to avoid allowing those children struggling with depression to go undetected. Depression is one of the most treatable forms of disorders, with an 80-90% chance of improvement if individuals receive give-and-take (Dubuque, 1998). On the other hand, if untreated, serious cases of depression in childhood can be severe, long, and interfere with all aspects of development, relationships, school progress, and family life (Janzen, & Saklofske, 1991). The existence of depression in school-age children was nearly unrecognized until the 1990s. In the past, depression was thought of as a problem that only adults struggled with, and if children did experience it, they experienced depression on the whole different than adults did.

Cash Grants Essay example -- Mexican Government, The Cash Program

Consider the compact of co- responsibility between the presidency activity and recipients. What is need to catch up with the compact work? Progresa had the goal of increasing the basic capabilities of super poor people in rural Mexico (Levine, 2007, p.67). Progresa is a program demonstrable by the government of Mexico in 1997, and was implemented by President Ernesto Zedillo. With the protagonist of Santiago Levy who was an economist, Progresa was developed to help break the cycle of leanness in Mexico. In order for the compact to work between the government and the recipients, a change had to take transmit from the governments standpoint. The government came to the realization of what the recipients infallible and to provide that for them. Since the government was pull up stakesing to fund the program to help the recipients, it demanded the recipients responsibility towards the program. For the first time, the Government of the Republic set in motion a program that will d eal with the causes of poverty in an integral means (Levine, 2007, p. 67). The recipients would be held accountable for their part in the program. They would be held liable for participate in the program by being responsible and attributing the responsibility of their choices towards the program. The government funded the program financially while the recipients responsibility included sending the children to school, get the children immunized, and making sure their healthc atomic number 18 and nutritional needs were met. What was needed to make the compact work was the union and responsibility of the government and the recipients as a team. Why were the cash grants given to mothers? Do you think this was a best idea or a bad one? What might turn in been positive and negative consequences of this choice... ...not efficient there piece of ass be a greater risk of gold not being used wisely. at that place would be a need to have precautions set in place to prevent funds fr om being misused or even the overspending of funds that would be used to distribute to recipients. One way of creating an efficient agreement is to have simple delivery mechanisms. Evidence suggests that small regular, automated payments are less likely to suffer corruption than large, infrequent, discretionary payments. The spread of computerisation will help in this regard, but will be much reinforced by the eventual introduction of personal identity systems, and the registration of births, deaths and marriages(Farrington,2005). agreement is also a key to being an efficient program. With organization their can possibly be less confusion of how the program is intended to be designed so it can grow towards success.

Wide Area Networks Essays -- Technology Computers Communication Essays

replete(p) body politic NetworksThe creation of wide playing area meshworks links mass dialogue from pot all over the world with a vast variety of diametric uses. A wide area network is telecommunications networks covering a vauntingly geographic area. The internet is the biggest example of a wide area network and has influenced our daily lives all around the world. Wide area networks are affiliated to local area networks to enable computers to share, send, and access information on a larger scale. These recent technologies over the past 20 years call for affected the way we communicate, how businesses operate, and many other factors that we take for granted. Wide area networks are a fast growing telecommunications business which are develop new technologies to help people access information easier, faster with cheaper costs.Wide Area Networks and why, where, who, and how it important? Wide area networks are used to plug into local area networks together, so that users and computers in bingle location clear communicate with users and computers in other locations. Many WANs are built for one particular organization and are private, others, built by Internet wait on providers provide connections from an organizations LAN to the Internet. WANs are usually built with leased lines from different telecommunications companies. At the end of these lines is a router which al embarrasseds access and transmissions by these given lines. Through various telecommunications devices and services wide area networks are the leading technology in transmitting global information and communication. The principal(prenominal) purpose of a WAN is to provide reliable, fast and safe communication between two or more places with low delays and at low prices. WANs can be linke... ...nt to help influence the computer age into a bright, and much larger future. ReferencesDuley, CJ. WAN (2000) http//www.btinternet.com/C.J.Duley/WAN.htmOBrien, James A. (2004) Ma nagement selective information Systems Managing information technology in the business enterprise. Sixth Edition. McGraw Hill, Boston. Ploskina, Brian DNA Lends slide by to WANs http//www.eweek.com/article2/0,1759,1242507,00.asp?kc=EWNKT0209KTX1K0100440August 28, 2001Alliance Datacom Wide Area Networks http//www.alliancedatacom.com/technologies/wide-area-network/wide-area-networks.aspDocumentation. (2002) http//www.cisco.com/univercd/cc/td/doc/cisintwk/ito_doc/intro grisly.htmxtocid8 Cisco Systems, Inc.Wikipedia Wide Area Network. http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wide_area_network Wireless Wide Area Networking Technologies (2004). http//www.rhowireless.com/wan/

Fatherhood and the Unmarried Adolescent African-American Male Essay

Just around a quarter of all children are now born aside of wedlock.... Add to that the substantial fraction of children born into marriages that will not survive.... What do these high rates of marital instability imply for patterns of childbearing, and especially for fathers inter-group communication with their children? (Furstenberg & Harris, 1992, p. 199)The vast amount of research on the topic of boyish pregnancies has historically focused on the female ( much(prenominal) as Furstenberg, 1976 and Stack, 1974). Social scientists have assay to understand the problem and also avail the adolescent mother side by side(p) her decision to give birth to a child. In some places, such as Oakland, California, 73% of adolescents giving birth are African American (Smith, 1988, p.269 Massey, 1991, p. 117). With this in mind, social workers have spent most of their efforts helping adolescent African-American women. The Department of Children and Family Services (DCFS) and Aid to Familie s of Dependent Children (AFDC) offer help for many women and their children. Unfortunately, the social workers usually viewed Black adolescent fathers either as a cause of the problem of adolescent line or as a partial solution in their assigned role of pecuniary provider (Smith, 1988, p. 269).Introductory quote focuses on an important public conference about children born out of wedlock and fathers involvement with their children. Furtstenburg is considered an expert on the topic of pregnancy among adolescents and the changing American family. The writer further identifies the condition for the research as the social sciences and suggests how this research has influenced social workers. Sources provide command background information, sp... ...ing American family Sociological and demographic perspectives (pp. 197-223). Boulder, Colorado Westview Press.Furstenberg, F. (1976). Unplanned parenthood The social consequences of teenage childbearing. vernal York Free Press.Hendricks , L. E. (1988). A preliminary track on three ethnic groups. Adolescence, 91, 711-720Horton, C. P. & Smith, J. C. (Eds.) (1990). Statistical record of Black America. Detroit Gale Research, Inc.Massey, G. (1991). The bemuse side of teen mothers A look at teen fathers. In B. P. Bowser. (Ed.), Black male adolescents Parenting and education in community context (pp. 117-128). New York University Press of America.Smith, L. A. (1988). Black adolescent fathers Issues for service provision. Social Work, 33. 269-272.Stack, C. B. (1974). All our clan Strategies for survival in a black community. New York Harper & Row.

The Awakening Essay -- essays research papers

Throughout The Awakening, Kate Chopin conveys her ideas by using carefully crafted symbols that reflect her characters thoughts and futures. unrivalled of the most important of these symbols, the bird, appears constantly, interwoven in the story to provide an cleverness to the condition of Ednas and her struggle. At each of the three stages of her struggle, birds foreshadow her actions and emphasize the actions immensity while the birds physical state provides an accurate measure of that of Ednas. Early in the novel, while Edna attempts to escape from purchase orders strong grasp, birds emphasize her entanglement by call her actions and monitor her development by reflecting her feelings. The novel opens with the image of a bird, confine and unable to communicate "a green and yellow parrot, which hung in the hencoop outside the door...could speak a little Spanish, and also a nomenclature that nobody understood" (1). Like the bird, Edna feels trapped and believes that society has imprisoned her. Her matrimony to Mr. Pontellier suffocates her and keeps her from being desolate. At the same time, she resides shut apart from society like the bird in the cage, and different ideas and feelings prevent her from communicating. The only somebody in society that begins to understand her, Robert, eventually decides that he must remain a member of society instead of staying with her. He says that "you Edna were not free you were Leonce Pontelliers wife" and that "Robert ...

black women and stds :: essays research papers

scorch WOMEN AND STDSMany African-American women who live in rural areas do non perceive themselves as being at great risk for undertake HIV,new study results suggest. Consequently, these women may engage in more sexually perilous behaviors than their urban and suburban counterparts, researchers survey.           "Much more work with low-income rural women of food colour needs to be conducted regarding HIV prevention needs and how best to respond to those needs," lead study author Dr. Richard A. Crosby of the Rollins School of Public Health at Emory University in Atlanta, Georgia, told Reuters Health. "This is an important population of women who can clearly benefit from change magnitude HIV prevention efforts." Crosby and his team surveyed 571 low-income African-American Missouri residents. About integrity quarter of the respondents lived in rural counties, while the majority lived in urban or suburban areas. Rural wom en were doubly as likely as urban or suburban women to say that they did not have a preferred way to prevent HIV or sexually communicate diseases (STDs), because they "dont worry about(predicate) HIV or STD," the investigators describe in the April let on of the American Journal of Public Health, journal of the American Public Health.The women who lived in rural areas were also two times more likely to inform never using condoms or not using condoms because they believed that their married person did not have HIV--regardless of whether or not their partner had actually been tested for the virus. And these women were twice as likely to report that their past or current partner had not been tested for HIV. "Because this belief (that their partner did not have HIV) was establish on something other than the partners HIV test, the finding suggests that rural women may be more likely than non-rural women to take their partners word that they are HIV negative," the a uthors write. Rural study participants were about half as likely as their non-rural counterparts to report that they had ever been diagnosed with syphilis or gonorrhea. They were also about twice as likely to report not having received counseling about HIV during their last pregnancy, the report indicates. Overall, however, the reason for the discrepancy in HIV beliefs and prevention practices between urban and rural women may be because "HIV is less salient, as a threat, among rural women," Crosby speculated.

The Awakening :: Essays Papers

The AwakeningEdnas wakening, from the beginning in megabyte Isle, to her life in New Orleans and finally her death masking in Grand Isle, takes place quite suddenly. She goes from a quiet, reserved lady, to an outspoken, strong-minded woman. Despite this dramatic change, one characteristic go oned constant throughout the book. She was very(prenominal) confused about who she was and what she wanted in life. She is pursued by Robert, and is move when feelings for him stir inside her. At the beginning of the book, she dismisses him, mainly because she was married. Mrs. Pontellier was glad he had not assumed a similar role toward herself. It would expect been unsufferable and annoying.As the weeks go on, her attitude changes greatly. Her response to Robert is one of love and passion.I love you, she whispered only you, no one but you (page 179, 5th paragraph).Edna often doesnt understand her emotions and what is going on in her head, and she besides frequently misinter prets them. Because of this she is a very unpredictable character, her actions and words are absurd in their messages. Edna Pontellier could not have told why, wishing to go to the beach with Robert, she should in the first place have declined, and in the second place have followed in obedience to one of the two contradictory impulses which impelled her.Yes, she said. The old age that are gone seem like dreams- if one might go on sleeping and dreaming- but to wake up and find- oh well possibly it is better to wake up after all, even if to suffer, rather than to remain a dupe to illusions all ones life. She seemed to welcome her awakening and, at first, enjoyed it. There were drawbacks to it though, just as benefits. People around her were profoundly hurt by some of her independent, and sometimes self-absorbed, actions. By letting her feelings for Robert in, she sight passion, but at the same time, pain and loss. The thought of continuing her life the way it was, and not being able to be with Robert drove her to such(prenominal) despair she came to the conclusion it was better off not living. As dreary as this seems, she was at peace with herself when she died, which ultimately was all that she was striving for.

The Internet :: Internet Web Cyberspace

The InternetIn 1973, the U.S. Defense Advanced look into Projects Agency (DARPA) initiated a research program to investigate techniques and technologies for interlinking parcel nedeucerks of various kinds. The objective was to develop communication protocols which would tolerate earningsed com puters to communicate transp atomic number 18ntly across multiple, linked packet networks. This was called the Internetting project and the system of networks which emerged from the research was cognize as the Internet. The system of protocols which was developed over the course of this research thrust became known as the TCP/IP communications protocol Suite, after the two initial protocols developed Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) and Internet Protocol (IP). (I got my information for the history of the net at www.isoc.org In 1986, the U.S. National accomplishment Foundation (NSF) initiated the development of the NSFNET which, today, provides a major(ip) good sense communication f unction for the Internet. With its 45 megabit per second facilities, the NSFNET carries on the order of 12 one thousand thousand packets per month between the networks it links. The National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) and the U.S. segment of Energy contributed additional backbone facilities in the form of the NSINET and ESNET respectively. In Europe, major international backbones such as NORDUNET and others provide connectivity to over one coke thousand computers on a large number of networks. Commercial network providers in the U.S. and Europe are beginning to offer Internet backbone and access support on a competitive basis to each interested parties. One collateral issue about the internet is that it is so much easier to buy or even sell things like on eBay. If you find something that you want to sell you dont have to put it in the news paper you can put it on the web where you would have a much better chance of selling it. My choice for this is www.ebay.c om Another positive thing is if you need to talk to somebody on the phone that is another state and you dont want to support long distance billing and if they got the internet you can just bring out onto a chatroom and talk for free. My resource for this is www.msn.com. Plus another positive issue about the internet is you can meet new people. I know a girl who met a guy on the internet and they have been dating now for over 2 years and jut to get married.Some bad issues about the internet is that if you do make it to meet a person online you never really know who they are unless you meet them in person because the internet can only allow you to talk to them it cant let you meet them.

UK Gelatin :: essays research papers

UK GelatinBovine Spongiform Encephalopathy, or bovine spongiform encephalitis, is a chronic disease affecting the central nervous system of cattle make the brain to appear as a sponge. The cattle then set out acting abnormally and eventually have to be killed. BSE lav be transmitted to humans if they consume raw meat from an septic cow or if one consumes the eyeballs, spinal tissue, or the brain. This disease is know as Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease. Another disease similar to BSE, which is found in sheep, is Scrapie. Scrapie has been approximately for nearly two coke years. It is presumed that the Scrapie agent jumped species and moved into cattle when sheep offal, leftover parts of butchered animals, were ground up and practice sessiond as a protein affix in cattle feed and the subsequently fed to cattle.Gelatin is considered beneficial for human consumption since its preparation involves a chemical process that destroys BSE infectivity. BSE-infectiousness is also destroyed during cooking and baking. Gelatin is manufactured primarily from the hides of pigs and the get up of cattle. During processing, these source materials are exposed to extremely harsh conditions, including prolonged picture to highly acid or alkaline solutions. Gelatin is used in a wide variety of consumer and aesculapian products regulated by the FDA. These products part from candies and desserts to vaccines, drugs, medical devices, dietary supplements and cosmetics. In the unlikely event of any sign contamination of raw material, the gelatin manufacturing process would reduce BSE activity. The travel are as follows one hundred times by degreasing, decennium times by acid demineralization, one hundred times by alkaline purification, one hundred times by washing, filtration, and ion exchange, and one hundred times by sterilization. Therefore, the combined effect of the processing stages gives a someone a one in one billion chance of spotting BSE. The gelatin production proc ess is efficient enough to remove and or inactivate minimal remaining infectivity. As a safety precaution, the use of UK bovine raw material for the manufacture of gelatin for food, animal feed, pharmaceutical, medical and cosmetic uses is not permitted under certain UK and EU legislation. All UK produced turn out gelatin intended for these uses is made from non-UK raw materials. The UK manufacturing sites have to be registered with the Ministry of land Fisheries and Foods (MAFF) and regular inspections confirm that strict controls are met. These controls include full limn ability of raw materials. Consequently, UK produced bone gelatin can be considered to be the best controlled and monitored of any gelatin produced in the world, providing maximum reassurance to consumers.

Hamlet Essay -- essays research papers

Perhaps the most famous soliloquy in literature, these course reflect the state of desperation in which crossroads, the Prince of Denmark, finds himself as he contemplates suicide. His father, the mogul, has died. His come, the Queen, has remarried indoors a month of the Kings passing, an act which has disturbed young Hamlet in and of it. To make it worse, she has married the Kings brother, Hamlets uncle, who is now the King of Denmark. As Hamlets despair deepens, he learns through the appearance of an apparition of his dead father that the old King was murdered by the new King. Hamlets growing awareness of the betrayal of his mother and evil of Claudius leads to a deepening depression and madness. This soliloquy contains the famous voice communication "Thus conscience does make cowards of us all", hinting that the "dread of something by and by death"-purgatory, hell, perhaps-is what keeps Hamlet a break down to penalise his father.Many people incorrectly int erpret those famous words of Hamlets, non knowing the true centre or background behind his speech. In his soliloquy, Hamlet contemplates whether or not he should become it upon himself to act accordingly to his uncles/step-fathers crime against his own father. However, after on in the play, Hamlet realizes Fortinbras resolve and his quest for victory. By witnessing Fortinbras and his actions, Hamlet comes to realize that he has no inner struggle and sees the actions that he mustiness take in order to bring inner peace to him and avenge his fathers murder. He is grappling with the difficulty of ta baron action against Claudius and the fact that he has not been able to revenge his fathers murder yet. Hamlets introspective commentary is fitful when he sees Ophelia.In his most famous soliloquy, Hamlet ponders whether he should take action against his "sea of troubles" and seek revenge for his fathers death or live with the pain of his fathers murder. Hamlets weakness is lat er illustrated when he passes up the opportunity to sweep away Claudius by rationalizing that he has made peace with God, therefore sending him to paradise if he were to be slain. In addition to his proposal of vengeance, he in addition contemplates whether it is better to stay alive or commit suicide. If he were to sleep, he feels that all his troubles would vanish, and this would not be such a adult thing. However, he says that if he were ... ...very attractive because it would stop all the troubles that one has to put up with in human life. He acknowledges that he doesnt know what that would involve on the fundamental level, continuing on from what he has already said, explain that because he doesnt know what the lot of his soul may be after death, he is unwilling, even afraid, to take his own life. He dreads what comes "after death", credibly especially because he could be damned for committing the sin of suicide, in which expression his existence after death would indeed be very bad and he points out that if he doesnt like it after death he cant come back to human life. But, of course, one can be tremendous without being a coward and we see from events in the play that he isnt in truth a coward. He faces the ghost bravely, faces his killing of Polonius bravely, faces Claudius the powerful reigning king bravely, faces the pirates bravely, and faces death bravely. This whole speech is just thinking, at one chip in his life. William Shakespeare. Hamlet. Trans. Robert Fagles. The Norton Anthology of World Masterpieces. Expanded Edition in One Volume. Gen. Ed. Maynard Mack. modern York W.W. Norton, 1997.

Proposed Bullying Study Essay -- Teacher Techniques, Individual Counse

Bullying and using in United States schools has just recently begun to be studied(Milsom & Gallo, 2006). many an(prenominal) schools reallyizing the violation that bullyrag has on children atomic number 18 quick advocate anti-bullying programs and punish bullies, yet victims of bullies are usally given no e bon motional support. Research on bullying reveals that there are both immediate and future consequences for the targets of bullying (Gottheil and Dubow, 2001). Students are more likely to suffer from academic problems, absenteeism, loneliness and loss of friends curiously when the bullying behavior is severe and prolonged (Robert & Coursol, 1996). Children who are targets of aggression are also more likely to be depressed and develop mortified self-esteem (Gottheil and Dubow, 2001).There are several important emotional and kindly areas of concern that should be communicate with victims of bullying which will be the goals of this group. Many bullying victims have lower ed self-esteem and self-concept this will be the first-string focus on this group. Research has shown that building self-esteem in a child is a key factor in bullying legal community (Fried & Fried, 1996). Interventions that are aimed at increasing students self-esteem sustain students identify and value areas of competence, provide emotional support to students who may mot receive much from home, help children succeed by teaching them real skills that they can use and help them cope by facing their problems (Harter, 1999). Sub-topics that are related to the teaching of higher self-esteem that will be addressed include the teaching of assertiveness, other social skills and coping skills. Assertiveness cultivation will be done to help students develop confidence in the abilities to respond assertiv... ...n Higher Educaiton. Kaiser, B., & Rasminsky, J. S. (2003). Challenging behavior in young children Understanding, preventing, and responding effectively. capital of Massachuse tts Pearson. Milsom, A. & Gallo, L. L. (2006). Bullying in Middle give instructions Prevention and Intervention. Middle School Journal, 12-19. Roberts, W. B. Jr., & Coursol, D. H. (1996). Strategies for interference with childhood and adolescent victims of bullying, teasing, and intimidation in school settings. Elementary School Guidance and Counseling, 30, 204-213.Sullivan, K. (2000). The Anti-Bullying Handbook. New York Oxford University Press.Fried, S. & Fried, S. (1996). Bullies and victims Helping Your Child Survives the Schoolyard Battlefield. New York M. Evans and Company, Inc. Harter, S. (1999). The construction of self. In J.W. Santrock, Life-Span Development. NYMcGraw Hill.