Injection or protection? :: essays research papers

Injections OR ProtectionAlthough testing on beasts seems the only way to raise advance our medicine, technologies, and prevent products from harming people, it doesnt necessarily make it right. I think we can entirely agree that injecting defenseless animals with dangerous chemicals resulting in serious billet effects or possible death is cruel and unusual. Coincidently, in the U.S. we consider such acts as illegal forms of punishment. Yet in the case of animals, its called science. Which leads to the question, what rights do animals have? Arent animals and humans different which therefore lead to a different set of rules? So what exactly separates the two species? The answer might evasiveness in searching for the differences between man and beast. Let us test the senses in order to see a difference there. Sight, smell, hearing, touch, and taste atomic number 18 all common characteristics that both species share, except for a few instances in certain animals and certain disable d humans. Moving on, both are able to sense danger, queer danger, feel pain, sense positive and negative emotions, display affection and dislike. The fact that we even test on animals is an admittance of the distinct similarities between the two. If man and animal were so different, there would be no gain in knowledge due to experimentation. This supports my claim that animals share the same intrinsic rights as humans. Therefore, animal rights should be protected somewhere in our nations constitution. Is it some occasion so minute as having less legs, a set of thumbs and the ability to walk upright? Some would argue that animals are soulless beasts that walk the earth and exist only to serve mans purpose. So why would there be such a thing as wild and untamed animals? They do not exist for the purpose of man and are able to carry on their lives self sufficiently. It is now unambiguous that animals can exist and thrive without human intercession. This refutes the possibility that animals are here only to serve under and function for the betterment of man. It is only through our intervention that we have dominated and controlled animal nature. Through our own perceived superiority, man has decided that animals are expendable for the greater good. As necessary as it whitethorn be to preserve human life, I dont think its ethical to use animals as the testing ground for vanity products. When I say vanity products Im referring to hair, body, and make-up accessories.

American Legion Report :: essays research papers

American LegionPost 108Oxford, MIThe American Legion was undertake on November 11, 1919. It was formed with the purpose of helping out retired contend veterans and the communities surrounding their posts. All members, or former members, of the U.S. Armed Forces atomic number 18 eligible to become members of their local anaesthetic American Legion. They are eligible as long as they were honorably discharged after serving on active duty during basically whatever major war in our history. Presently there are 325 legion members in Oxford, and nearly 3 million members nation wide.The Oxford American Legion is a sponsor of many clubs and groups within our community. Some of the sponsored groups are son Scout Troop 108Cub Scout Pack 44and Little League baseball game teamsAlong with sponsoring clubs and groups, the American Legion also hosts regular events in the Oxford community such asSt. Patricks day dinnerMemorial Day orderStrawberry Festival ParadeSoftballPool TournamentsHallowe en PartyChristmas Paradeand New Years PartyThe Oxford Post is also the only post in the the state of Michigan that has a Military History Museum. It is a collection of uniforms, weapons, books, and other artifacts spanning over two hundred years of our American history. The museum is open to the customary every Friday evening from 5-9 p.m.American LegionPost 108Oxford, MIThe American Legion was chartered on November 11, 1919. It was formed with the purpose of helping out retired war veterans and the communities surrounding their posts. All members, or former members, of the U.S. Armed Forces are eligible to become members of their local American Legion. They are eligible as long as they were honorably discharged after serving on active duty during basically any major war in our history. Presently there are 325 legion members in Oxford, and nearly 3 million members nation wide.The Oxford American Legion is a sponsor of many clubs and groups within our community. Some of the sponsore d groups are Boy Scout Troop 108Cub Scout Pack 44and Little League baseball teamsAlong with sponsoring clubs and groups, the American Legion also hosts regular events in the Oxford community such as

Essay examples --

All students come across difficulties in their studies. In other words all students have weaknesses regarding certain field of operations skills. These weaknesses have a negative effect on the students and may make the life of the student miserable by causing him or her to not conform to in a subject or his or her course. Knowing how to improve these skills will help the student to turn his or her weaknesses into strengths. Motivation is my most rugged and pressing weakness. The first cartridge clip that I was aware of my weakness with motivation was in high school I only got motivated to study when on that point was a little amount of while before the exam or the due date for an assignment. This weakness has affected me negatively and because of it I got low grades in my tests and assignments. This weakness also prevents me from being able to plan effectively. The reason I gauge I have a low motivation to study is because of the many another(prenominal) distractions in my life, like video games. I enjoy playing them for long periods of time. I also watch shows and hang out with friends. However I think that the real actual reason why I am not motivated to study is that I am not interested in my studies, or, in other words I do not find the things they are teaching us interesting.My second weakness is a lack of focus. The first time that I became aware of this weakness was soon after I noticed my low motivation. I am only able to focus for a down(p) amount time, for example if a class lasts for two hours I skunk only focus for one hour, or in other words, I can generally focus for only half the duration of a class. This weakness also has affected me negatively as I cant bring in some parts from the teachers speech about the topic so my... ...to do things. I should be aware of my time, the place it really goes to. sometimes when I find it hard to fit in everything that I want to do and there are things that a re more important than others. I should fall upon my priorities and set due dates for it. I should be precise and comprehensive when it comes to managing my time. I should prepare a detailed diary/planner. I should put plan notes in places that I would remember them easily. I should carry out my plans according to a schedule. I should think of things that will disrupt my plans. I should experiment with saving time or managing my time, so that I will know what works and save time for the things I priorities. I should check if I am sticking to my plan. If not, I should make some changes to my plan to make it more realistic, or think of what I can do to so that I will not weed up my plan (Cottrell 2013)

William Wycherley’s The Country Wife Essay -- William Wycherley Countr

William Wycherleys The Country Wife A Restoration comedy is like an eighteenth-century sitcom its entertaining (MacKenzie, Behn). However, the similarities between the two genres are more far-reaching than their equal entertainment value. For example, the cast of William Wycherleys Restoration comedy, The Country Wife, consists of whatever central characters that are strikingly similar to those in the cast of the modern situation comedy, Seinfeld. Harry Horner from The Country Wife and George Costanza from Seinfeld both fit the manlike mastermind character type. Likewise, Lady Fidget, one of Horners lovers, and another woman, whos one of Costanzas fleeting lovers, both fit the female wit character type. through with(predicate) the interplay of these characters, the Restoration comedy and the situation comedy both assert the superior power of the female wit, when compared to that of the male wit. Wits of both genders are characterized by their aptitude at lying, hiding th eir lies from the public, and seeking and obtaining selfish, short-lived pleasures they are also characterized by their discerning nature and their gambling nature of risking losses to get touchs (MacKenzie, Wycherley). However, female marbles are more powerful than male wits when they take risks to secure pleasures because female wits are not required to hold down a job or earn money they gain greater returns from the risks they take, than men do, and they never risk losing their honor. First, female wits are more powerful than male wits because they are not required to hold down a job or earn money. Lady Fidget and Horner illustrate this assertion through their interactions in The Country Wife, and another woman and Costanza illustrate it in an epis... ... the social rules that do not require a woman to work, or that prohibit her from working, paradoxically conspire to make female wits more powerful than male wits. Society provides women with ample part with time to pu rsue pleasure, and their interdependent cohorts provide them with the free reign to do so. As a result, these powerful female wits take more selective, calculated risks than male wits do they also gain greater returns, whether they appear in an eighteenth-century Restoration comedy or a twentieth-century situation comedy. Works CitedMacKenzie, Scott. Behn, Oroonoko. Seventh Class Meeting. English 260. Davidson College. 8 Sept. 2004. MacKenzie, Scott. Wycherley, The Country Wife. 9th and Tenth Class Meetings. English 260. Davidson College. 10, 13 Sept. 2004.(Textbook). The Subway. Seinfeld. NBC. 8 Jan. 1992.

What Is An American? :: essays research papers

What was an American?Western Europeans came to America to start hot lives, with new laws, a new social system but completely in all to become new men. In contrast African emigrants were brought to America to tend to the needs of the settlers from Europe. They were brought over to be slaves. Each of these views are views of St denim de Crevecoeur and Fredrick Douglass. St Jean de Crevecoeur, was an emigrant of Europe. Crevecoeur, had no desire to go back to the land in which his forefathers had lived. He was going to a more diverse way of living where all races melted into new race of man. (pg 308) He believed America was a place to go to be a free man, who leaving behind him all his ancient prejudices and manners, that he receives new ones from the new mode of life he has embraced, the new government he obeys, and the new rank he hold.(pg 308) Crevecoeur knew that his life as a new man would entail new ideas and new opinions. Hoping that the new laws protect him, from involuntary idleness, servile dependence, penury and useless labor, he has passed to tolls of very different nature, rewarded by ample subsistence. (pg 308) Crevecoeur lived the life of a free man in which he was paid for his labors, he owned land and was a farmer. His view of an American, is a new man, who acts upon new principles he must therefore entertain new ideas, and form new opinions. (pg 308)Fredrick Douglass, was an African American and owned by an American. He was taken business organisation of in his early years by his grandmother and grandfather. Slave children were children they could play and do what most children would do. The only fear as a child was be seperated from his grandmother. Throughout, Douglasss life he taught himself to read and to write. He became a knowledgeable man, which help him to succeed in existence a free. However, Douglass did go through the trials and tribulations of being a slave. He went through the sleepless and hungry nights, and lashings. Make a m an a slave, and you rob him of moral responsibility. (pg 191) When Douglass describes America he describes the beauties of nature and then the horrors of being a slave. When I remembeer that all is cursed with the infernal spirit of slaveholding, robbery and wrong.

What Is An American? :: essays research papers

What was an American?Western Europeans came to America to start brand- radical lives, with new laws, a new social system but solely in all to become new men. In contrast African emigres were brought to America to tend to the needs of the settlers from Europe. They were brought over to be slaves. Each of these views are views of St Jean de Crevecoeur and Fredrick Douglass. St Jean de Crevecoeur, was an emigrant of Europe. Crevecoeur, had no desire to go back to the land in which his forefathers had lived. He was going to a more diverse way of living where all races smooth into new race of man. (pg 308) He believed America was a place to go to be a free man, who leaving behind him all his ancient prejudices and manners, that he receives new ones from the new mode of life he has embraced, the new government he obeys, and the new rank he hold.(pg 308) Crevecoeur knew that his life as a new man would entail new ideas and new opinions. Hoping that the new laws protect him, from involu ntary idleness, servile dependence, penury and useless labor, he has passed to tolls of very different nature, rewarded by commodious subsistence. (pg 308) Crevecoeur lived the life of a free man in which he was paid for his labors, he owned land and was a farmer. His view of an American, is a new man, who acts upon new principles he must therefore entertain new ideas, and form new opinions. (pg 308)Fredrick Douglass, was an African American and owned by an American. He was taken care of in his early years by his grandmother and grandfather. Slave children were children they could play and do what most children would do. The only fear as a child was cosmos seperated from his grandmother. Throughout, Douglasss life he taught himself to read and to write. He became a knowledgeable man, which help him to succeed in being a free. However, Douglass did go through the trials and tribulations of being a slave. He went through the sleepless and hungry nights, and lashings. Make a man a sl ave, and you rob him of moral responsibility. (pg 191) When Douglass describes America he describes the beauties of nature and then the horrors of being a slave. When I remembeer that all is cursed with the infernal spirit of slaveholding, robbery and wrong.

Proposal for Artemis Sportswear Company Essay

Proposal for Artemis Sportswear Company for cutting operational expenses to increase profit margins some ideas. As a business, Artemis can cut down the operational costs by down-sizing the application force so the company can compete with other sportswear companies. There are two ways a company can down-size the labor costs, one of these is down-scaling the direct labor, and the other one would be to relocate the labor and obtain cheaper labor force. Reduce Employee Costs. Outsource any jobs where a full-time employee is not necessary.This will cut your payroll expenses, health-care costs and space requirements. Introduce a reward scheme for employees who do not take any sick eld in a year or six-month period. The cost of the reward is negligible compared to the savings made by the company. Rather than pay everywheretime rates, try re-organizing the work rosters and r kayoedines to prevent the need for overtime. Offer staff incentives for reducing their personal days and sick lea ve taken. aim college students or interns-Internship programs are a win-win for both sides.You get an ambitious employee who will do monotonous work and they get college credit, become and hopefully, an excellent reference. Cutting everyday expenses can lower operational expenses. When purchasing office supplies, generic is going to be little expensive than brand name. purchasing the store brand is generally sold at a lower cost. Buying supplies in bulk is cost effective over a desire period of time. Leasing equipment is better than buying equipment. When leasing you have the opportunity to upgrade or downgrade when necessary.Technology is always changing and improving, so by leasing there is the weft to stay current with the new changes in the equipment. Smaller equipment much(prenominal) as telephones, printers, fax machines and calculators should be purchased not leased. Smaller equipment will hold its value over time and can be easily replaced if needed. Try shopping for bargains or sales whenever possible. Company could go green by using products that produce less waste, or less zip fastener. Curb your business travel and cut costs where you can.Meeting with long-distance clients is costly and it can be expendable for some businesses, exclusively travel can also be the most beneficial expense for a business. Fortunately, modern technology can replicate the experience at a much lower cost such as communicating through Skype or some other form of video chat link. Cut out the landline and fax line with Blackberrys and iPhones, and everything compatible for email, who needs them? Conceder free advertising whenever possible, try piggybacking your advertising.Including advertising material in other mailings, such as in invoices, saves postage and other costs, says J. Donald Weinrauch, co-author of The Frugal Marketer. Likewise, make the most of your point-of-purchase opportunities by tucking coupons, newsletters or other promotional fliers in the bag with customers purchases. Hire independent contractors or temporary workers as needed. Outsource your payroll, benefits and HR. Consider a virtual assistant or answering service to reduce payroll.Some IT subdivision solutions, Process Automation allows a smaller management team to effectively handle a larger number of systems Intelligent Software Delivery allows companies to to a greater extent accurately assess how many licenses they will need when purchasing software Endpoint Virtualization reduces downtime for application conflicts and provides a secure workspace when roaming Power Management Capabilities documents compliance with energy consumption policies and may provide rebates from local power companies Remote Diagnostic Tools reduces required IT travel time and travel budgets.

Disaster Response and Relief

If being provided with a list from the Department of Homeland Securities of potential risk factors I would first fashion at these key issues and ways that I could improve the citys chances of survival in a terrorist attack. I would look at the issues that were involved with these issues. My individualised choice for identify of dealing with the issues would be d 1 so by my deciding which issues were more crucial and which ones needed to be dealt with first.With the list that was provided the order for these issues to be dealt with would take place in a specific order in order to promote the best chances of security system and safety for all of the citizens involved. The first social occasion that would be done is that the airways would be secured and all incoming and outgoing air traffic would be stopped for some time. The next thing to do would be to secure waterways. This would include making sure that there were security efforts involved in protecting the citys water sources as well.This would include the tenia of all water traffic and the security of the different ports and waterways that are surrounding the city. Next transport would be secured and stopped in order to allow for a more smooth evacuation of the city if necessary. This would mean that there need to be an exit strategy plan in the disaster plan that is on location at the town hall and new(prenominal) area disaster planning sites like the American Red Cross. All areas that produced power would be secured by as some(prenominal) forces as could be spared as well as trained disaster volunteers.This would be done so in order to overhaul reduce the chances of harmful chemicals or toxins being released into the air in these areas. All food sources would be secured and there would be limited access to these sources in order to reduce the likelihood of contamination. During the beginning phases of this plan there would be specialists that would be involved in securing the computer systems and making sure that there was no one who was able to hack into important information. This would be handled at the same time as some of the other issues just by different specialists.There would be many different agencies that would be contacted. The first agencies to be contacted would be local law enforcement and area military. These would be first initiated in order to work on the security and safety of the city. The next agencies to be contacted would be those that are listed in the disaster plan including the local chapters of the American Red Cross, ESDA, and any other agency that has warm access to high volumes of volunteers. Schools and churches would be looked at as possible places for there to be shelters and food banks would be contacted as part of the process of having food and other goods.Other places that would be contacted are local grocery stores and other discount stores that would have access to high quantity of needed supplies. This would be done in partial(p) effo rts on putting limits on what each person could buy or have in order to ensure that supplies lasted for the most people possible. There would be limits placed on needed goods to ensure that all citizens could have some of them. The potential list of areas of vulnerability would need to be dealt with on a level where they were noted in the citys Emergency Management Plan.Each of these issues would need to be discussed and there would need to be a plan for the emergency view and how these issues would be dealt with. Whether or not the Incident Command System would need to be changed would depend on what was currently in place and what was needed. Basically if they were receptive of addressing and dealing with all of the issues then there would not need to be any changes. However if they were not capable of this then there would need to be changes in order to ensure that they were capable.

Recruitment Plan

Executive Summary The main purpose of this subject is to establish guidelines for the enlisting and picking of a Restaurant hostess for the Waterfront Hotel, New Plymouth. This report is comprised of identifying job positions, job analysis, job description and strikeion process, so as to follow a organized procedure during the recruitment process of the Restaurant Manager. Objectives The objective of this report is to develop a systematic recruitment plan for the Restaurant Manager. Contents The contents of this report ar- * writings review of recruitment plan * Steps of recruitment plan * Job description Job advertisement * Recommendation * Conclusion Literature review of recruitment plan RECRUITMENT- Recruitment is the process of searching for prospective employees and stimulating them to apply for jobs in the organization (EDWIN FLIPPO). Its the process of identifying and hiring the best-qualified nominee (from within or outdoors of an organization) for a job vacancy, in a most timely and cost effective manner, as the human resource is the most valuable belonging to an organization. NEED FOR RECRUITMENT- * Fulfilling the vacancies generated due to promotion, transfer, retirement, termination, death or employee turnover. Creating new vacancies due to growth, expansion and diversification of the business activity of an organization. OBJECTIVE- * It determines the leave and future requirements of personnel of an organization * Increases the organizational effectiveness in long term and short term * Identify potential job applicants suitable for the smear * Provides opportunities to procure human resource. RECRUITMENT PLAN- is an organized written strategy that identifies the recruitment objectives for a position and contains different components like job analysis, job description, recruitment announcement and advertisement, interview plans etc.Steps of recruitment plan JOB IDENTIFICATION Job identification collects the specific description of a positi on with the skills required to per material body the labour of the position. The job identification process initiates the recruitment process to determine when a position is needed and the position entails. After identifying the job need, the job description and requirements be written and the job is assigned for a compensation level. JOB ANALYSIS Job analysis whitethorn be defined as a canvass of jobs to identify the observable work activities, tasks and responsibilities associated with a particular job.It focuses on work behaviours, tasks and outcomes. It helps to prep ar job description and job specifications. JOB DESCRIPTION Job descriptions atomic number 18 systematically prepared written down narrative of duties, responsibilities and the reporting structure of jobs. It also includes the authorities provided to the employees in a particular designation and what level of performances is judge from the employees. It also includes * Job simplification and job design * Job enl argement * Job enrichment RECRUITMENT METHODS There are mainly two types of recruitment methods- * inner(a) recruitment * External recruitmentInternal recruitment- In internal method of recruitment an employee is recruited for a specific designation from the organization itself. Internal recruitment is generally make either by promoting an employee (succession planning) or by transferring a potential employee from a department to another. An organization advertises the employment to its employee by putting it in notice board, newsletters or staff magazines. While recruiting through internal recruitment, the recruiters are generally aware of the potential, strength, weaknesses, personal traits, performance, skills and knowledge of the employee.In the same way the employee is also aware of the work ending and environment, and knows his colleagues, seniors and sub-ordinates in the organisation. Internal recruitment saves a lot of money and time of the organisation. But internal recr uitment also leads to de-motivation of the employees who gets rejected in the recruitment process. opposite methods of internal recruitment are- * Transfer * Job posting * Employee referral External recruitment- In external recruitment, the employees are recruited for a specific designation from outside the organization. This helps to welcome fresh ideas in the organization.The different methods of external employment are- * Online recruitment * Consultancies * Campus selection from educational institutions * Advertising in newspapers * Govt. Agencies like employment fill in * Walk-ins External recruitment is more time taking and costly than internal recruitment. SELECTION PROCESS Selection is the process of picking the most suitable nominee who would meet the requirements of the job best and will be successful if hired. The basic purpose of selection is to choose the best suited individual for the job from the crime syndicate of qualified outlooks. The basic steps of selection process are Application blank * Selection tests * Selection interview * Reference checks Application blank/form- it is one of the most common methods used to collect various information about the candidates. As- * Personal data * Marital data * Educational and donnish data * Experience * Extra-curricular activities * References and recommendations Its a commonly used selection tool as it is a formal way of introduction between the candidate and the recruiter. It also helps the recruiter to compare among the candidates against the eligibility criteria and can screen candidates who fail to meet the eligibility criteria.Selection tests- The selection tests or the employment test attempts to asses intelligence, abilities, aptitude of the candidates. These tests are important selection tools which enables the recruiter to select the most suitable candidate from the pool of the qualified candidates. The different selection tests are- * Intelligence tests * Aptitude tests * Personality t ests During these tests the recruiter also checks the lead skills, Communication and sonant skills, competency, computer-based skill and knowledge of the candidate. Interview- Interview is a kind of oral examination of candidates for employment.The recruiter (interviewer) asks a set of questions to the candidate through which he/she tries to asses and evaluate the temper of the candidate, the enthusiasm and intelligence of the candidate, situation handling capability of the candidate and different subjective aspects of the candidate as facial expressions, appearance, nervousness etc. The different types of interviews are- * Non-directive interview * Patterned interview * Structured/situational interview * Panel interview * Appraisal interview Reference check- Once the interview is over the generator check of the candidates are done.The candidates are required to mention 2-3 references in the application forms, which may be from the individuals who are familiar with the candidate s academic achievements of may be from the candidates previous employer who is well acquainted with the candidates job performance. ACCEPTANCE/ HIRING DECISIONS The nett decisions are taken whether to select or reject a candidate after soliciting the required information through the different techniques and selection tools. The recruiter has to take adequate care in taking the final decisions Job description for a Restaurant Manager POSITION-Restaurant Manager Waterfront Hotel, New Plymouth. SCOPE OF THE POSITION- * Attend to the customers complaints and grievances. * Provide direction, leadership and supervision to the restaurant staffs in accordance to the goals, objectives and standards set up by the organization. * Monitor departmental cost controlling to meet the budget * Ensure the staffs are properly trained and groomed, to maintain quality standards. * Ensure to attend any emergency without any delay and take the necessary steps. * Ensure to perform with proud professio nalism as per the standards of the organization. Assist the F&B Manager. ORGANIZATIONAL RELATIONS- * The restaurant conductor will directly report to the F&B autobus. * The restaurant manager will be responsible for the day-to-day operation of the restaurant, as well as for providing guidance to the captains and the staffs of the restaurant. DUTIES AND RESPONSIBILITIES * Overseeing the day to day operation of the restaurant. * Co-ordinating the entire operation of the restaurant during scheduled shifts. * Meeting and getting feedback from the customers. * Responding to the customer complaints. * Advising customers on menu and wine choices. Managing the staffs and providing them with feedbacks. * Analysing and planning the restaurant sales levels and profitability. * Organizing marketing activities. Such as promotional events and give notice schemes. * Planning and co-ordinating menus. * Ensure the grooming of the staffs and the hygiene of the restaurant and food-preparation area. * Check the quality of deliveries from the suppliers. * Recruiting, training and motivating staffs. * Checking stock levels and ordering supplies. * Preparing gold drawers and providing petty cash as required. * Maintaining high standards of quality control, hygiene and health and safety. Helping in any area of the restaurant when needed. ELIGIBILITY CRITERIA- * Bachelor/Masters Degree in hospitality management. * Minimum 4 years of working generate in any restaurant * candidate should have good business/managerial skills. * Candidate should have a basic knowledge in computer and PMS. * Candidate should have an excellent communication skills, organizational and time management skills. * Prior experience in cash-handling in restaurant is required. Recommendations I recommend that the Waterfront hotel should prefer to recruit external employee, as in that case the candidate will have a prior experience of the uties and responsibilities associated with the designation of restaurant manager, hence he will be well versed with the level of performance expected from him. There should be a proper panel of qualified, experienced and skilful people for the selection process of the restaurant manager. Conclusion I would like to conclude this report by saying that by following this recruitment plan, the organization (Waterfront Hotel) will certainly be able to recruit the suitable person required for the restaurant manager position. Bibliography

International Law Essay

An supranational statutory order is not skilful a matter of prudence it is a requirement that derives from a rather essential honourable obligation, the (limited) obligation to help ensure that all persons have admittance to institutions that protect their most essential gracious safes (DJ Harris, 1991). Though, offered international legal order readys a large role to states need not consequence in overly conservative conclusions1. transnational law whose major elements must be ripe(p)ness rather than governance based in two senses (1) justice, understood mainly as respect for basic human unspoileds, serves as the basic vantage point from which to assess the real international legal system and to originate proposals for improving it and (2) a recognition of the moral compulsion to help ensure that all persons have access to institutions of justice understood as institutions that c ar for their basic human rightssupplies the chief moral cause for trying to develop an int ernational legal system directed by the ideal of justice.International law can be stated in the form of four basic theses. (1) Justice has to to be a primary end of the international legal system, where the major content of justice is supplied by an outset of basic human rights. (2) Legality, both for states (understood as long-term institutional structures) and politicss (understood as collections of agents inhabiting appoint institutional roles) requires a convincing effort to please at least a minimal threshold standard of protection of basic human rights by elbow room that value those same rights.(3) Rights of shore leave be constrained by the claims of legitimacy, and therefore eventually by justice. The right to draw out out, understood as the colored right or nonconsensual entitlement to seek autonomous statehood by groups currently within the jurisdiction of a state, is a corrective right only, a right that a group comes to have by virtue of importunate and serious violations of the human rights of its members, or of rights given on them by intrastate autonomy agreements, or by virtue of infringement of the rights of legitimate states (as when one state unfairly annexes another).Hence there is no right to separate from a legitimate state with a legitimate government, unless detachment is by mutual agreement or constitutional provision. (4) Groups can have legitimate interests in diverse forms of self-determination short of secession without having a right to pull out, and the international legal order ought to give active support for democracy (Katzenstein, Peter, 1996).Recognizing that we ought to use our domestic political resources to hold a system of international law intended to ensure that all persons rights are respected is quite companionable with a clear recognition that government has no independent moral status and no independent legitimate interests, except is to be considered strictly as a fiduciary, and that the state is formed for individuals rather than evil versa (Martin Dixon & Robert McCorquodale, 2003).However, the trick is to understand how popular sovereignty in a system of states can be made well-suited with state policy in support of a more just international legal order. The means to seeing how this compatibility can be attained is to realize that popular sovereignty does not mean straight-out sovereignty2. Instead, popular sovereignty means simply that the people of a state are the definitive source of political authority within the state and that government is primarily to function as their agent. The degree of the peoples sovereigntyincluding the limits placed on it by international law and the moral limits on how it might be exercised that are imposed by the natural duty of justiceare another matter.According to moderate cosmopolitanism, we do have moral compulsions beyond our own borders, but these are seen as being well-suited with giving special priority to the requirements and interes ts of our fellow citizens. The view is cosmopolitan as it distinguishes genuine moral obligations to those outside our own polity, and that for this creator the special precedence given to our own polity cannot be absolute. It is reasonable because it rejects the extreme cosmopolitan position that all of our particular obligations, together with our obligations to our fellow citizens, are severely derivative upon our obligations to humanity at large.The shift from the optional association view to recognition of the justice understood as a restrained cosmopolitanism does not end debates concerning whether and how to use our states resources to sustain efforts to achieve moral progress in and through international law it only makes it probable to function in them. For one thing, there is the exceptionally difficult issue of how much priority we might give to our own interests and how great the costs are that we should turn in in helping to protect the rights of those who are not ou r fellow citizens (Martin Dixon, 1993).One of the most reflective changes that have occurred in the international legal system since the mid-sixties is that partaking in the offshootes that specify the content of human rights has been deeply broadened, as membership of the UN became open to all countries, including former colonies. In contrast, all through most of the recital of the international legal system, membership was restricted to a handful of Western states. Perhaps even more significant, the significant growth of transnational, nongovernmental organizations increasingly allows for meaningful meshing in the development of specifying norms that is not completely controlled by states3.There are two motives to welcome these developments. First, broader participation can be apparent to reduce the put on the line of parochial biases in moral reasoning concerning which rights are truly human rights and how their content is to be tacit The specification of human rights norms t hat would consequence from a process of operationalization in which the simply participants were Westerners or representatives of Western states might be quite diverse from one in which a broader sampling of humanity participated.Second, quite excepting the concomitant that broader participation is, other things being equal, more probable to capture effectively the content of norms that are supposed to apply to all human beings, not just to Western Europeans, subjectively restricted participation impugns the legality of the process of operationalization and thereby threatens to weaken the effectiveness of appeals to human rights in the international legal order as a whole.The first benefit of extensive participation is epistemic, the idea being that a system that features broad participation is more expected to result in an accurate requirement of the content of human rights norms the subsequent concerns procedural justice and its contribution to professed legitimacy, not the quali ty of the outcome of the process.By attributing the right to be noted as a legitimate state to a new political entity, the international legal order signals that it is all set to take its place in the system of states, fulfilling the functions that only states have and enjoying the rights, liberties, privileges, and immunities atypical to states.By uncoupling the legitimate interests that diverse groups can have in self-determination from the independent right to secede, and by extrication self-determination from nationality, the international legal order can and must encourage creative departures from the centralized-state unbundled autonomy paradigm that fuels secession yet virtually never solves the problems that give rise to it. Limitation of the unilateral right to secede to a corrective right would liberate states to consider intrastate autonomy arrangements without getting on a slippery slope toward their own dissolution4.Discontent minorities would be expectant to opt for intrastate sovereignty as an alternative to secession by reassuring them of international monitoring of and support for conformity with autonomy agreements in high-risk cases. Dangerously broad references in international legal documents to an international legal right to autonomy should be replaced by clear statements of the independent right to secede as a remedial right only and by language that uncouples the right to pull out from legitimate interests in autonomy and uncouples self-determination and nationality.International law must support the legitimate interests of national minorities by intensification human rights against discrimination and by encouraging states to search forms of intrastate autonomy, rather than by recognizing a right of autonomy of peoples that legitimizes secession by such groups (Samuel Barkin and Bruce Cronin, 1994).International recognition of a unilateral right to intrastate independence in certain special, rather narrow circumstances. First while i nternational law recognizes a groups right to secede, it must also distinguish the right of the group to opt for intrastate autonomy if it so chooses. Second, while a group (whether it is a nation or not) qualifies on corrective grounds for a unilateral right to disaffiliate but opts instead for intrastate autonomy, the international legal order must recognize its legal right to independence and play a positive role in negotiations to originate an confiscate intrastate autonomy arrangement and must apply appropriate measures to monitor conformity with it.Third, international law must recognize and support intrastate autonomy for indigenous groups when they are desired to rectify serious injustices suffered by such groups. poop and finally, where establishment of an intrastate autonomy establishment for a minority is the only way to avert it from suffering large-scale violations of basic human rights, an intrastate autonomy regime can be imposed upon a state through a proper intern ational legal process (Ruggie, bath Gerard, 1993).The international legal community must construct a more ethically defensible and practicable international legal practice regarding involvement for the saki of protecting basic human rights, one that does not need Security Council authorization in every instance (under the current arrangement in which each undying member of the Council has a veto). A new practice of intervention, so far as it pertains to secessionist conflicts, should be shaped by and consistent with the remedial right only approach to an international legal right to unilateral secession.Subject to apt constraints that apply to justified humanitarian interventions usually (proportional force, protection of noncombatants, etc.), states must be allowed under international law to mediate to support groups that are known in international law as having the unilateral right to secede, if other means of restoring the groups grievances have failed or offer little viewpoint of success in a timely manner5.Generally speaking, international law must prohibit states from intervening militarily to support secession by groups that are not renowned under international law as having the independent right to secede and should support legitimate states in their efforts to resist flagitious secessions. Exceptions to this overview could include cases where the state has endured in using unlawful means of war to restrain an illegal secession (for example, indiscriminate and/or inconsistent military force or efforts to suppress the secession that amount to genocide).ReferencesDJ Harris, Cases and Materials on International Law Fourth Edition, (London Sweet and Maxwell, 1991).J. Samuel Barkin and Bruce Cronin, The State and the Nation Norms and the Rules of Sovereignty in International Relations, International Organization 48, 1 (1994) 107-8.Katzenstein, Peter J., ed. The Culture of National Security Norms and identity in World Policies. New York Columbia Universi ty Press, 1996.Martin Dixon & Robert McCorquodale, Cases and Materials on International Law (4th ed., Oxford New York Oxford University Press/Blackstone Press, 2003).Martin Dixon , Textbook on International Law, 2nd ed. ( London Blackstone Press, 1993).Ruggie, outhouse Gerard. Territoriality and Beyond Problematizing Modernity in International Relations. International Organization 47, no. 1 (1993) 139174.Foot NotesSlaughter, Anne-Marie, International Law and International Relations Theory A Dual Agenda, American Journal of International Law 87 (1993).Teson, Fernando, A Philosophy of International Law (Westview, Boulder, CO, 1998).Rubin, Alfred, Ethics and Authority in International Law (Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1997).Scheffler, Samuel, Conceptions of Cosmopolitanism, Utilitas 11 (1999).Kingsbury, Benedict, Sovereignty and Inequality, European Journal of International Law 9 (1998).1 Slaughter, Anne-Marie, International Law and International Relations Theory A Dual Agen da, 205-392 Kingsbury, Benedict, Sovereignty and Inequality, 599-625.3 Scheffler, Samuel, Conceptions of Cosmopolitanism, 255-76.4 Teson, Fernando, A Philosophy of International Law, 78-79.5 Rubin, Alfred, Ethics and Authority in International Law, 122.

Pfizer company Analysis Essay

IntroductionPfizer is a pharmaceutical bon ton that is here to help us wealthy per discussion a better wellness. It was founded in (1849) by two cousins Charles Pfizer and Charles Erhart. It was made to discover and developing overbold ways to veto and cherish indisposition and too to better health in the world. The company focuses on meeting the world help needs. Pfizer specializes in many medicines. They endure medicines to help all health needs in the world. Throughout this report, I provide be discussing all different kinds of medicines this company prescribes, the health and wellness of this company, the leadership and structure and many more important find out points most Pfizer. I will also discuss the time line of this company on when events took place.Exploring the History of PfizerTwo cousins, Charles Pfizer and Charles Erhart from Germany open a small company with well-nigh money that was borrowed from Charles Pfizer father in (1849). Their first company was o pen in Brooklyn, rude(a) York in a section of leaveiamsburg. This small red brick structure serves as every occasion, the office, w arehouse, laboratory and the factory. Charles Pfizer was a chemist and Erhart was a confectioner and together they made their first product which was a palatable form of santonin. This product was an antiparasitic utilise to treat intestinal worms. The santonin was blend with almond-toffee flavoring and shape into a candy cone. It was a wonderful success and the company launch. (Pfizer 2009) In 1862, Pfizer launched its first domestic merchandise of tartaric acid and cream of tartar. Tartaric acid was used as a laxative and a skin coolant during the Civil War.The cream of tartar was a diuretic and a cleaning agent and also a vital medicate to help meet the needs of the Union Army. Among these are iodine, morpahine, cholorform, camphor, and maercurials which are also used in the emerging field of photography. (Pfizer 2009) By the (1968), the compa ny doubles its side. It deal increase it product line and also add 150 recent employees. With the company growth, they buy a new building in Manhattan and moves it headquarters there. In (1880), the company started imported concentrates of lemon and lime which Pfizer begins manufacturing citric acid. They became the upside manufacturing business of citric acid. Once the new drinks gain popularity like Coca-Cola, Dr. Pepper and Pepsi-Cola, the demand for citric acid climbs the charts.(Pfizer 2009) As the company double over the class, Pfizer opens an offices and warehouse in Chicago, Illinois, the first location outside the city limit of New York in (1882). On December 27, 1891, Charles Erhart dies and leaves a partnership worth over $250,000 to his son William. but in an agreement among Pfizer and Erhart, Pfizer could buy Erharts share at half inventory value. Pfizer became consolidating ownership of the company. (Pfizer 2009) Pfizer files an official certificate of incorporatio n in the state of New Jersey, with authorized capital of $2 million divided into 20,000 shares of $100 each. Pfizer would remain a privately held company until June 22, 1942, when 240, 000 shares of new common stock were offered to the normal. Charles Pfizer appointed his youngest son President at a special board meeting. Emile serves as President from (1906) to (1941) and briefly as Chairman in (1941). He was the last member of the family to be an activity member of the company. Charles Pfizer dies at the age of 82 while vacationing at his Newport, Rhode Island estate in 1906.The company has exceeded its sales to 3 million dollars by this time of Pfizer death. Once Pfizer dead, the board of director meets and name John Anderson as chairman of the company. Anderson first started working at Pfizer Inc as an office boy in (1873) and remained chairman until (1929) when he stepped down. (Pfizer 2009) A fermentation-free method of ascorbic acid was developed which was vitamin C. Pfizer was one of the biggest producers of vitamin C. Next came vitamin B-2, or riboflavin, and eventually develops a vitamin mix that includes riboflavin, thiamin, niacin, and iron. Pfizer had a miracle dose called penicillin. This drug was use for soldiers in the war. Pfizer receive an award on April 17, 1943 from the Army for it companys contribution to the war. (Pfizer 2009) By the 1951, Pfizer have expanded its company in Belgium, Vrazil, Canada, Cuba, England, Mexico, Panama, and Puerto Rico. In (1952), Pfizer introduce an Agricultural Division of the company to offer animal health problems in Terre Haute, Indiana. Pfizer also open another embed in England in (1955). This plant was a fermentation plant for research and development operations in Great Britain. The company was doing so well, they open another Pfizer pharmaceutical plant in Mexico, Italy, and Turkey.The company workers increase from 4,300 to over 7,000 workers in just one year. (Pfizer 2009) (In 1967), the company int roduced its first one a day antibiotic calledVibramycin (dozycycline hyclate). As the year over taken, Pfizer had a drug called Feldence that became one of the largest-selling prescription anti-inflammatory medicaments in the world. From 1984-1989, Pfizer had introduce four new drugs. The first drug was Glucotrol which is for diabetes. The next drug was Unasyn (ampicillin sulbasctam). It was an injectable antibiotic. They produced a medication for angina and hypertension which was Procardia XL that is a medication that you take once-a-day. (Pfizer 2009) In June (2001), Hank Mckinnell announces that Pfizer to become the worlds or so valued company to patients, customers and the communities we live in everyday.He announced a commitment to fund the building of a regional treatment and civiliseing total on the campus of Makerere University in Kampala as part of the Academic Alliance for AIDS Care. As the years passed by, Pfizer announces the launch of a three-year initiative to provi de grants to keep back training and capacity building for human immunodeficiency virus/AIDS in developing countries in (2002). (Pfizer 2009) In 2003 research and development received over $7.1 billion of investiture from Pfizer. They start on a new medication to treat migraines called Relpax. The US Food and Drug Administration approved the first treatment drug called Lyrica to treat neuropathic pain associated with diabetic peripheral neuropathy in two forms. This drug also helps treat adults with epilepsy with partial onset seizures. On October 15, 2009, Pfizer wanted to help the lives of the patients and consumers by creating a company with on training products and therapies. (Pfizer 2009)PfizerPfizer have three different section of within their company. Pfizer is a incorporation which is a existence company that was established in 1849. It is there to discover, develops, manufactures and market human and animal pharmaceuticals drugs. The Pfizer Inc. Corporate Giving Program i s a complement of its foundation. Its integrated makes charitable contributions to nonprofit organizations directly. But last not least, The Pfizer foundation supports programs designed to promote access to quality health attending and support the involvement of Pfizer community colleagues. (National Directory of Corporate Giving)The foundation have special strain in four strategies. The first strategy is to improve health thrill for people in need. The second strategy is to teach somebodys about health care and away to prevent things from happening to health care workers and individuals as a whole. Third strategy is to increasing the faculty of health organizations to provide care to people in need. But last, to measure the impact by serving partnership with experts to be able to share the best practice offer. (National Directory of Corporate Giving)Pfizer leadership and StructureThis company is made up of the best old level executive personnel and the best decision-making boa rd member there is offer. This board was brought together to focus on the major decisions of the company. Pfizer had several kinds of health care businesses. Pfizer had businesses such as Capsugel, Oncoogy, Nutrition, and Animal Health. Each company was run by a top executive who had very good knowledge of the company and products. (Pfizer 2009) The Board of Directors is elected annually by shareholders. They are the decision-making body of the company with the help of the shareholders. The Board selects the senior management team, which is charged with the conduct of the high societys business. The board currently has 16 directors. (Pfizer 2009)Corporate GovernancePfizer was the first company to establish a corporate governance department. Pfizer understand to be trusted by public, they must have a good corporate governance and transparency. Pfizer stated In order to farm and sustain value for our stakeholders, and for society as a whole, we must first practice responsible busine ss principles. And, we must take into account our stakeholders interests and be held responsible to them. As reading the quote above from Pfizer Company, it clearly states that public opinion matter the most to them. The company want to make sure everyone have some kind of involves with their business. (Pfizer 2009)Public PolicyPfizer has a public policy select in its company. Thats a way the company communicate to people who have a part in their company. The public will be able to have discussing about the company and its product. The public policy is made so that the public can response to item to help improve the company to have better product and also to introduce new product into the company. (Pfizer 2009)Phrases of DevelopmentPfizer Company has four different phrases of clinical development which new drugs are developed through a series of trails. Phrase 1, the company have healthy individual to volunteer for an experiential medicine which is called investigational new drug. This medicine is design to cure a disease which the volunteer currently have. A low dose of this medication is administered to the individual with highly supervision. The volunteer is watch very closed to record it responds to the medication to measure the doses that is best for that individual. (Pfizer 2009) In the second phrase, the drug is watched much circumferent to see what method is best for the individual.The method can be ever an oral or injection method. These patients for this stage are highly recommended by doctors or is a patient that has the disease that the drug is believed to treat. Phrase 3 is basically checking the results of the experiment to make sure the drug is working properly. The last phrase reach all the result form the trail period to make sure everything when as occurring as plan. They gather all the information on the drug about any risk that could occur while testing this drug on individuals. (Pfizer 2009)ProgramsPfizer have many grants that they give out to university, foundation and other organizations. Pfizer also have many programs within it company. I will list and discuss some of the programsConnectHIV The foundation supports programs designed to serve communicates that are disproportionately affected by HIV/AIDS through grants to 20 mid-sized AIDS service organizations in the 10 states of the US with the highest number of new AIDS cases. The program is designed to prevent new infections to high-risk populations and delay disease progression for those already infected by supporting ASOs that take a comprehensive approach to presentation, access to care, and treatment. (National Directory of Corporate Giving)science in Schools The foundation supports programs designed to improve education in communities around the world. Special emphasis is directed toward programs designed to build fully-equipped science labs and math classrooms to train local science teachers and develop initiatives toencourage corporations and individual s to partner with local schools. It also helps teachers to study science in order to bring innovative knowledge and applied science into the classroom. (National Directory of Corporate Giving)Volunteer Programs (PVP) The foundation awards grants up to $1,500 to performing arts groups, museums, agencies serving the elderly, schools, libraries, hospitals, and community health organizations which employees and retirees of Pfizer volunteer. (National Directory of Corporate Giving)Matching Gift The foundation matches contributions made by employees and retirees of Pfizer to nonprofits organizations on a one for one basis. (National Directory of Corporate Giving)Global Health Partnerships Advancing Caner and Tobacco Control The foundation support the partnership of public health in the areas of tobacco independence and oncology. It important is directed toward programs with impact serving as global models in improving cancer-related health outcomes, supporting cancer curtail and encoura ging tobacco independence.Pfizer Animal HealthPfizer is one of the world leaders in Veterinary-prescription medicines. Pfizer supports the veterinarians and animal victuals producer in making sure food is healthy for animals. Making sure the food is healthy for the animal ensures they will live a longer live. Pfizer also help support the veterinary to prevent animal illness.ArticlesThe next half of my research will be discussing articles that I have researched on about Pfizer found in different magazines. I will be at the best of my knowledge summary the article to assure your understanding. I will also attached copies of the article at the end of the paper. Will Pfizers giveaway drugs polish its public image? The first article I will summarize is Will Pfizers giveaway drugs polish its public image? This article was much unexpected. Pfizer decided to have a giveaway on drugs to reconstruct their company in August 2009. They made this service in stock(predicate) for people who have lost their jobs. Pfizer have helped people out before financial but not a giveaway drugs day.Other pharmaceutical pains wants to do the same thing to help other out also. Pfizer believer this was a good way of letting the public now that curing the disease is the main thing that is important to their company. I believe this article surprise a lot of people all over the world. It was a good thing that Pfizer decide to giveaway drugs to help the people in needed. I think all pharmaceutical company should at least try this once a year to improve their rating of their company. If other company participates in these events, their sells will increase over time. Its also important that other people are concern about your health as well as yourself. This giveaway made a lot of people happy expressly the one that could put up with to buy these drugs on their own.

Marketing Research on Tea Industry in India

MARKET RESEARCH ON MAJOR TEA BRANDS IN INDIA Siddhartha Lodha PG-A History of packed Tea in India The history of afternoon afternoon teatimetime dates back to 750-500 BC. Researchers have found that the cultivation and inspiration of tea has been taking place since more than a gramme years. However, commercial consumption of tea started with the British rule. It has now become a part of the Indian culture. Tea laid its foundation in India at the turn of the 20th century, when the major emphasis was on the exports of Tea.Earliest reference to a domestic market came from MacKay of Brooke Bond. Equipped with capital and premises, Mackay settled down to serious business. Mackay distinctly identified his objectives as to pick up teas suitable for Brooke Bond blends at home, rather than getting them at London and to create and make profitable, a software package and blended tea trade in India and gener eithery in the East. In the advance(prenominal) 20th Century, much of India wa s orthodox and all foreign habits were considered alien and against Indian ethos and culture.In fact, later, when tea was officially promoted by the Tea Market Expansion Board, strong religious pressure groups launched antitea campaigns against tea drinking. The domestic market was very small and scarcely able to sustain. Packing material, mainly caddies and cardboard cartons, were imported the UK and the tea was floor-blended and hand-packed. Sales totalled around 17,000 lbs. and the whole operation produced a loss without inclusion of overheads and other costs.It accordingly needed a great commitment to persevere this kind of a venture. Backed by the promotion and propaganda efforts of the Tea Market Expansion Board that became the Indian Tea Board through the pioneering efforts of Brooke Bond (more about this later), a strong demand was created for tea as a beverage and the Indian masses avidly took to tea. However, much of the fallout of this phenomenon went to loose teas beca use of the price factor, so we see a strange development in the packet teas trade in India.In the early years, i. e. the foremost three decades of the century, the trade was predominantly in the hands of foreign companies and the incipient demand was centered on a small segment, introduced to tea through the western sandwich industrial civilization. The early brand names were based on colors Red label, Violet label, Green label. The first sale record in India was in April 1903 and the entry reads Red Label 720 lbs. Violet Label 300 lbs. Green Label 180 lbs. The fact that Brooke Bond Red Label recorded 720 lbs. as a very auspicious augury for this famous brand, which attained dizzy heights in later years to become the self-aggrandisingst selling brand in the world. The early entrepreneurs of packet tea marketing realised that if the trade had to expand, the purchase price of the tea had to be more affordable for their Indian consumer and the tea had to be better presented. In In dia however, the main consideration was price, one that the lower economic section of the Indians could afford.When the brands were first launched in the first decade of the century, the cost of the tea in the packet was roughly 60% of the total price. Despite this, prices were considered high. But the demand had been created and was snowballing opening the floodgates to loose teas, which were at least 20% cheaper than the corresponding tea in packets. Opinions on the worth and prospects of the internal business seemed gloomy. One opinion was that Indians can never become tea-minded.This was based on the English custom of brewing tea in pots, using a long leaf a leisurely and luxurious habit. It is interesting to note that very early in the century, the marketers of packet tea recognised that if tea had to be made popular among Indians, it had to be presented differently, keeping in mind the Indian cooking habit of boiling. So dust tea was born. Kora was the first brand to be intr oduced by Brooke Bond in paper form packets. The real expansion of the packet business in India came in the early l920s, with the introduction of the direct selling system by Brooke Bond.As was said earlier, the distri stillion was left in the hands of distributors and stockists who could do a maintenance job but could not do anything to create demand. The depot system or direct selling system helped in introducing tea to the vast population of India but it meant a heavy investment in marketing in the earlier years. It helped in establishing a two-way communication between the salesman and retailer and cemented a personal consanguinity between them. For a product ilk tea, where freshness was an important factor, it helped in ensuring stock rotation.Under this system, the companies like Brooke Bond and Lipton, who followed suit through their own personnel, called on all retail outlets on a regular basis and supplied tea on a cash-on-delivery basis. There was no need for the retaile r to carry any large inventory, as the calls were on a weekly basis. The system backed by the effective propaganda by the Tea Board really sparked off a consumption explosion, taking India to the position of the largest tea-drinking nation in the world. Today tea has become established as a food habit in all socio-economic sections.In India, tea is an essential item of domestic consumption and is the mostly consumed beverage. Further, tea is the cheapest beverage amongst all the beverages that are available in India and it is very popular amongst all sections of India society. The Indian tea industry engages around 20 lakh of workers, directly and they mainly represents the under privileged sections of the India society. The Tea Business in India registered a total dollar people of Rs. 10,000 crore in the previous year. Top Tea tags in IndiaBrooke Bond has touched millions of consumers with a range of tea offerings appealing to the diversity of their tastes. It has the strongest foothold amongst any of the tea brands in India and touches the homes of over 500 million consumers. The values and personality of the master brand Brooke Bond reflect a warm, sociable, approachable, perceptive and dependable entity. Brooke Bond is the tea expert that selects the best at every stage from the garden to the cup. The brand, therefore, is seen to offer the appropriate teas for all tea moments in the consumers lives.Brooke Bond offers a strong portfolio of tetrad sub-brands namely, Brooke Bond Taj Mahal, Brooke Bond Red Label, Brooke Bond Taaza & Brooke Bond 3 Roses. The range offers a full variety of benefits as well as price points to allow for to diverse sections of society. For over 4 decades, Taj Mahal has been the gold standard of tea in India. It has been a pioneer of innovations in the Indian tea market First insurance premium Tea Brand First to introduce tea bags First to usher in new formats and concept, like instant tea Dessert Tea Brand ambassadors perso nify the true essence of Taj Mahal (Ustaad Zakir Hussain, Saif Ali Khan)Red Label contains natural flavonoids that helps improve blood circulation and keeps you healthy. Red Label Natural Care has a mix of 5 Ayurvedic ingredients like Tulsi, Ashwagandha, Mulethi, Ginger and Cardamom. Red Label Dust has strength, taste and comes with the Red Label promise of great quality. Red Label Special has extra-long leaves to give you great taste, coloration and superior aroma. Entered the lives of the contemporary Indian housewife in the 1990s. Unique and refreshing blend of tea thats sprinkled with fresh green tea leaves.Its her daily cup of pleasance that helps her to refresh and connect with her inner self and aspirations. The advertising communication for Taaza is a reflection of this relationship. Chronicle of the aspirations of a housewife over the past two decades. quaternary largest tea brand in India with a portfolio spanning in both leaf and dust segments. 3 Roses which was synonym ous to the trinity of perfective aspect colour, perfect strength and perfect taste 3 Roses stood as the bedrock for strengthening a married couples relationship with each other 3 Roses has redefined the nature of relationship shared between married couples in IndiaBrooke Bond Sehatmand (Arogya) was launched in early 2010. Brooke Bond Sehatmand with Vitamin Power, helps to keep families healthier through their favourite daily beverage 3 cups of Brooke Bond Sehatmand helps to reciprocate 50% of the Recommended Dietary Allowance (RDA) of Vitamins B2, B6, B9 and B12 Brooke Bond Sehatmand successfully runs the Sehatmand Parivaar, Sehatmand Bharat movement an initiative to reach and make a difference to 500 million families across villages in India through education on health and nutrition. nd most trusted beverage brand in India Market leader measured by volume and value branded packet tea Has transformed the way beverages are marketed by positioning tea as a catalyst for social trans mit Promotes social awakening and action through its landmark Jaago Re marketing campaigns References 1. History of Packet Tea http//www. contemporarybrokers. com/item. aspx? id=100 2. Brooke Bond Brands http//www. brookebondhealth. com/our-brands. asp 3.

Political Stability Essay

Political instability has become a huge and serious problem for both developing and underdeveloped countries. Pakistan is also in iodin of these countries which is facing the problem of policy-making instability. The instability of government, inefficiency of political parties and a weak political culture make Pakistan a politically instable state. Political stability is essential for keeping the society integrated, maintaining authenticity, frugal development and supremacy of law in a state.In political stable condition people have causation they use their powers for the development of nation, and in politically instable condition people feel powerless, lose their trust on government and they prefer their own interest in front of state and then the society leads to split. Political stability is very important for nation-building. There are many countries which have comparatively stable political system such as in China, Egypt and so on.Many underdeveloped nations of Asia and Af rica including Pakistan have been confused as how to overcome the problems of national integration, economic development, political affaire which have been grown simultaneously in these states. There are five issue areas as described by Lenard Binder, which causes political instability in a state. These areas are Identity crises, legitimacy Crisis, Penetration crisis, Participation crisis and distribution crisis. These all issues play an effective role in making the politics instable, but we lone(prenominal) discussed the first two issues, the identity crisis and legitimacy crisis in Pakistan. Identity crisis creates negative effects on the sen measurents of nationalism and the feeling of people towards political system. The dismemberment of east more or less Pakistan and present slur in Sindh and balochistan is occurring due to the identity crisis. Identity crisis mostly occurs in pluralistic societies in the form of ethnic, language and religious differences.Pakistan is also a pluralistic society thats why politically instability becomes more serious in Pakistan and the role of our leaders becomes more important than any different factor. In Pakistan there is also a problem of dysfunction of federal system. The federal crisis occurs when the pressure of regional demands goes to an extreme and dont get equal response from the state, and it cause separation from the federation. East Pakistan break-up was also due to this reason. A federation cannot exist or survive without a spirit of partnership and co-operation betwixt the provinces and centre.The problem of identity and legitimacy crisis is closely related to each other. The sense of identity may also be developed by accepting the legitimacy of the authority. The legitimacy crisis regarded with the form of governmental institutions, the break down in the constitutional structure and the authority of lead. Legitimacy crisis occur when people reject the leaders claimed establish on historical preferen ce and the leaders thrown out when they fail to fulfill the promises and then this situation leads to the crisis of authority.The problem of political stability in the context of identity and legitimacy crisis in Pakistan has been sharpened mainly due to the effects of rapid socio-political mobilization and, excessive and un institutionalized role of civil and military bureaucracy, which has demented the entire political order of the country. The leadership in Pakistan is always from top to bottom, and in actual the process of becoming a leader starts from bottom to top, in which the first step is social welfare service then entering in political arena.The leadership in Pakistan is based on family patterns. In Pakistan the family leadership is popular amongst people because of lack of education. The lack of education and decay of leadership are the two most important contributing factors to the political instability in Pakistan. In Pakistan political instability is also due to our weak history of leadership thats why the theme of a national leadership incapacitated in these various levels of leadership. The other form of leadership exist in Pakistan for a long time is dictatorship and it rule in three decades. monocracy also the cause of political instability, it makes the institution of leadership weak. Weak organization of political parties also makes Pakistani politics instable. The present political trend in Pakistan is forming coalition amongst different political parties, which is the reason of current instable conditions. Coalition set up is considered temporary arrangement in political scenario eachwhere in the world. privation of clear majority of anyone political party also shows that people do not trust any of these partners that is why all enjoy less support.The most important and immediate challenge the political instable condition of Pakistan is creating is mishandling of issue of war on terrorism. Since September 2008 USA leading the NATO f orces started attacking frontier areas of Pakistan and violated the reign of Pakistan in the name of combating terrorism and chasing the terrorists may be hiding in these areas. These attacks are increasing by the times. Moreover, the indirectly contributing factor towards the worsening political situation is external interference of other powers for their selfish interests.Pakistan is a rich country in terms of important minerals, gas and important coasts the finding of resources and universe a gate way towards the hot waters has made Pakistan an attractive country for external powers. The present world is a global world where all(prenominal) field is determined by intense competition state craft, conduct of diplomacy, effective policy making, and strong economy are the most important challenges every state has to face. Political instability in any state leads to disorder amongst the units.The global world is providing aid and support to Pakistan but in presence of specious lead ership and political instable conditions the huge foreign aid is not giving any positive results. If we consider the case of Pakistan, it seems quite agreeable that adequate economic growth could only be possible if there are stable institutions in the political order. The political stability can be achieved if legitimacy of the institutions and in-person legitimacy of the ruler has been solved.Conclusion The present political instability in Pakistan has increased the external and internal challenges for its society and state. The present and immediate need of the time is a stable political system, since Pakistan has to combat inside terrorism, has to face and convince its own people that this war is necessary, and Pakistan has to satisfy its allies and as well as neighbors and manage the pressure that Pakistan is taking positive steps to counter the situation.The main problem in this whole scenario is lack of trust amongst Pakistan and the allies and neighbors keep exploiting the situation. This situation has endangered the future of Pakistani people who are now considering Pakistan is an insecure place. Without politically stability Pakistan did not become the world best state.

Nature of Creativity

Creativity has been outlined in many ways barely if one feature that is always mentioned is novelty (Sternberg, 1988). That is, the product of a inventive endeavor should always be relatively unlike what has been done before. Novelty presupposes that creative view is a process that tout ensembleows the mind to feed out new root words to problems, to be innovative and to be original. Just how the forefront works so that the individual burn be stick to creative has been the subject of debate for a enormous time, creativity is often thought as a component of intelligence wherein highly intelligent soulfulnesss all seem to be creative thus Guilford (1989) have argued that creativity mickle be assessed as spot of intelligence tests.Creativity as a process involve factors like fact-finding, problem-finding, solution-finding and acceptance-finding (VanGundy, 1987). This implies that creativity is a obscure process that can lone(prenominal) be arrived at if the mentioned facto rs have been satisfied. Like when a writer desires to attempt on a new book, he/she must first research the existing facts nigh the outcome he wants to write about, whence he/she goes on to look for the issues or problems within the facts and start compose from that angle, in writing she is starting to form solutions that ar different from what has been existing and then scrutinize what has been written to determine if it is accept fit to him/her and judge whether it is creative or not.Creativity is also urged by cognitive skills such(prenominal) as visualization, imagination, expressiveness, flexibility, fluency and openness (Finke, Ward & Smith, 1992). This would mean that creative thought process can only occur if the person is able to make use of the said cognitive skills. When a child is asked to come up with new arrangements of blocks, he/she must have an understanding of what blocks are and then to be able to visualize the possible arrangements, to imagine how he/she would build the blocks, to maybe express her thoughts by acting on her imagination like moving the blocks, and to arrange and rearrange it as macrocosm flexible and open about how he/she could accomplish the task. These skills can be induceed through training and learning or it can be inherent personality traits that a person is born with.Creativity has been compared to problem-solving since it involves the same cognitive skills and process, but creativity is different from problem-solving in the sense that creativity is finding an original solution to the problem. Problem-solving on the early(a) hand has to rely on preceding(prenominal) learning and understanding of the situation and to logically solve the problem.Wherein, a person who has been asked to solve a mathematical problem has to consider the laws of comes and to rationally find the solution to the math question using principles and concepts that govern the field of math. If it was a creative endeavor, then the person can approach the same problem in different ways and come up with the same answer. In short, problem-solving usually follow the correct way of arriving at the answer, while creativity make or develop its have and original solution.Creativity can also be a social process, this mean that creativity is enhanced or genuine by the immediate environment of the individual (Amabile, 1983). A company that value creativity encourages the individual to engage in creative thought, while a rigid and structured work environment leaves very little luck for creativity. Moreover, a child that grow up in a family where creativity is reinforced and appreciated would more likely become creative in their own lives and parents who articulatio genus their childs curiosity and punishes creative behavior would be less likely to express their own creativity.Developing CreativityIt is important to realize that creativity is a process and that it can be developed in children and adults alike. Practical ways of training a person to become creative involves asking the person what he/she is passionate about, what he/she wants to do that makes him/her happy and which tasks challenges him/her. In this way, the person becomes aware of his/her interests which will answer as the training ground with which creativity can be geared at.For example, the thing that the person loves doing is preparing veer shows for presentations, then the next thing to do is to give the person the opportunity to work on a task that would require him/her to be creative, like asking him/her to create a presentation that is different from the previous one he/she have presented. Another way is to instruct the individual to generate a number of ideas and to explore each idea and find out which is novel and original. The individuals attempts at creation creative should also be recognized and appreciated which would reinforce creative behavior, this is important because to produce something that is creative is subject to how people will react to it and whether it is novel or not, if the individual is praised for showing creativity then he/she would be able to differentiate what is creative thinking.The environment of the individual should also be changed to facilitate creativity, materials for creative thinking should be readily available, he/she should be able to express his/her ideas freely and to be given ample time to work on tasks. The individual can also learn from federal agency models who can be identified as creative personalities. The way these people create new ideas and or things can show the individual how to become creative. By providing him/her with examples, he/she would come to understand what creativity is and what behaviors are indicative of creativity.Lastly, personal traits like being open-minded, flexible, curious, not afraid of change or of doing new things and being excited at creating something should be developed in that person. These attitudes are important because it facilitates brainstorming, innovation, discovery and critical thinking that are necessary for creative thought processes. Helping an individual become creative can only be successful if the person has the willingness and desire to explore his/her creativity, thus even if one provides every opportunity to enable them to become creative is useless if they are not interested in enhancing their creativity.ReferencesAmabile, T. (1983). The Social psychological science of Creativity. New York Springer-Verlag.Finke, R., Ward, T. & Smith, S. (1992). Creative Cognition. Cambridge Bradford/MIT Press.Guilford, J. (1986). Creative Talents Their Nature, Uses and Development. New YorkBearly Ltd.Sternberg, R. (1988). The Nature of Creativity. New York Cambridge University Press.VanGundy, A. (1987). Creative Problem Solving. New York Quorum.

Celeb Reputation

In todays edict, celebrities ar noticen regularly on the front covers of newspapers, magazines, and on television set shows. As a prominence in the public the celebrities must understand what a crucial break dance they play on kids and junior adults life history. It is their responsibility to make legitimate they be a pleasing choice for parents to be seen as a design illustration for their kids. I strongly recollect celebrities should be obliged enough to be an admirable choice of a spot model because, kids run most of their time on television and internet to follow them.If the celebrities live a wild life their reputation in the publics mind volition be poor, and the celebrities will be viewed as a solemn choice of role models for the boors. In addition, its important to be a replete(p) role model because young kids are easily tempted, and if they find their most pet person smoking they too will want to spoke. First of every(prenominal), with information about a ce lebrity within kids fingertip, youngster is most probable to follow them rather than view either their friends or parents as role models.More than half of the celebrities in this domain live a wild life to ask for attention and popularity from the media. apart(predicate) from that, youngster tends to follow personal manner from their pet model. That means the kids tends to believe they have to be thin, blonde and endure the latest designer raiment in order to maintain their coolness in public. Some may say that there are other celebrities who do important things in society to educate others well of what is premature and rightfulness. However, when the society looks at the superstars they are in all likelihood to visualise the information the media have presented.This means that public picture more Disney stars who are supposed to be good kids turning gravely and awful. Celebrities like Britney Spears who was caught on videotape wrecking a car because of reasons that coul d have been solved peacefully are horrible influences on kids. When others are trying hard to teach youngsters on not using violence to solve problems, kids who see their favorite superstar doing the exact opposite may cause the kids to believe those things are acceptable, but they are not. Apart from that, celebrities live in a glass window.People judge them for their actions, so it is really important for them to make sure they think more than twice before they act. Since actions speak louder than words, it is important for them to choose wisely about the things they wear and the things they talk because youngster are watching them and following their footsteps minute by minute. It is true that in peerless way they shape up our society, and that is on the dot why celebrities should try their best to have a good reputation in public.People appreciate other who does well this for the society, and not sight who cause more problems for others. If the celebrities bring to help the society, the public will be more than happy to accept them as heroes or role models for the young ones. However, we live in a society where most celebrities arent good role models. They do anything to receive attention from the media and public even if its for something bad and inappropriate. Some may argue that the celebrities are incisively living their life to the fullest, and there is nothing wrong with it.I do agree that there is nothing wrong with living a good wild life, but it shouldnt be when there people around you who adores and worships you because youre a famous person. If the celebrities did really want to live a wild life they shouldnt have give way famous after all. Also, celebrities arent exactly the right kind of role models because they pressure kids to turn the wrong way. Whenever the celebrities drink and drive, smoke pot, use drugs or talk inappropriate they dont understand what exactly they are doing or whom exactly they are influencing.Research shows that kids who started smoking at young age got brainwashed into believing smoking was glamorous from their favorite actor or actress or someone they looked up to. Celebrities should be responsible enough to make the right choices in public, meaning they should learn how to apologize if they do something wrong. Kids these days have access into watching usual music videos filled with unacceptable scenes of their favorite actress smoking pot and drinking are not to be seen my young kids. Kids dont know what exactly the right kind of a good role model is.Whenever someone asks them to be like their role model they picture a celebrity drinking, smoking, and doing all the bad things possible. Thats why most celebrities arent good role models because of the life they live. On the whole, most of the superstars in our society arent good example for the youngsters. They dont believe they need to set an example for other. However the truth is they need to because people are always following them. Th ese days wherever we look on billboard, magazines, websites, newspaper, and television shows all we see are scandals of celebrities and their weak point.The media have made them into a really horrible choice of an example to the young ones. They have exposed themselves in a wrong way to the public eye to become a subject people wont be happy to talk about. In brief, celebrities arent good role models because they influence youngster in the wrong way to dress inappropriately, use drugs and start smoking. This cause the celebrities to have a bad reputation in public causing parents to be not happy about having their kids look up to the celebrities.

Interpretations of American History Essay

There has been a notable mixture in the American record from the last 400 years until straight off. At the root the American History the subjects that the historians interpreted were politics, diplomacy and war. The only mountain who could do the interpreting were only innocence male Americans. The coeval American historians wrote nearly about everything that affected everybody. This times were very different from what they atomic number 18 now, when you read fib, you are reading the historians point of view or encounter with the world.The historians were fully dedicated to this, they overhaul hours, days, years of their lifes to prove the reality comes away. They were characterized by nationality or their school of thought. The historians can be Jeffersonian liberal, patriot, progressive, feminist or postmodernist for example, Perry Miller in the twentieth century American liberalism, Kenneth Stampps was engaged with the civil rights movement, Kathryn Sklars ideas were fe minist (p. 72).In those times everything was like they African American people couldnt be historians, because they only accepted white male Americans, also they were male chauvinist, women couldnt be historians and not only that, they were excluded from everything, they didnt have the right to vote, to be in the politics, work, they Jimenez 2 could not do anything. History is successful when it tells you how things where, the only thing that could take you there was the imagination, but now, with all the technology that we have, we nevertheless can make a picture or a sketch of how the things were. basing on the things that had been found also. champion of the things that the historians did, they constantly criticize, correct and supplement other historian point of view, they get closer to the fair play represent with one another. Historiography reminds you that history is not a closed go for, is a reminder that there is always something to press in history, it make us think or see what was before everything, the changes that have been in the addition of America, politics changes, racial justice, sex, differences in the society, education, labor.There has been a notorious change or evolution on how America has change. There are four stages in which the writing of American history has passed the inspired, the rationalist, the nationalist and the professional. The providential history in the United States from the seventeenth and eighteenth, ministers and magistrates and wrote a made of form of providential history. The puritans who settled in the United States believed that they were chosen by god that led to the form of their history to a holy record one. Puritans used this form of writing for all men anybody that believed in god.The rationalism, they were very different with the providential because they didnt believed that they were only chosen by god, they believed that opinions or actions should act on reason and knowledge not on their religious be lief. They were ruled by the natural law was the idea of Newton, Locke, and the French philosophers (p. 75). The rationalist Jimenez 3 historians were the educate class in the colonies, the new story they told was of progress and reason. most of the historians of the eighteenth century were layer-politicians, planter-aristocrats, merchants or professionals.Tomas Jefferson was influenced by this movement and later on write a book named Notes on the State of Virginia in 1785. This book allow to men to discover and pursue their destiny and believed that they were free. After that, no one was free from slavery. This proves that the history during the rationalism the politicians only tells you what you want to hear, like right now it happens the same, everything was and is only about wealth, power, rights. In nationalist history changed the fact that in this stage the women contributed and argue in theirs perspectives or points of view.historians of women rewrote the story of America fr om the beginning to the recent past. They did not give women a place in the existing narratives, they just reconceived whole handle of history. An example of the women historians were Hanna Adams, Susanna Rowson, Elizabeth Peabody, and Emma Willard (p. 76) The professional historians started by the middles class that became educated through college or university which became commonly to only white males. History became a profession and the only way to access was to practice it and be at a advanced level in the subject.Their high opinion on distinguish scientifically and prove the truth from a romantic notion. In this time we can see through what has passed American History and larn about the different changes that our history has had, and also this has help to have America Jimenez 4 how is it now. Right now we see the thing different, for example, women can vote, women can do a lot more things that they couldnt in the past, there is no slavery, everyone is free and follow their dr eams and conquer their goals and thats a big change.

The Scope and Limitations of the Fraud Examination

On October 5th, 2010, the dissimulator examination unit accredited an assignment from the owner of school regarding to the possibility of fraud disbursements occurred in his school. He suspected that someone is lawlessly and intentionally stealing money from his school. Based on his suspicion, a fraud examination was conducted by accumulation information, analyzeing & analyzing relevant records, and applying seeing methods. The objective of my examination was to determine the possibility of misappropriation of schools fund, signalise the fraudulent proposals, and help the school to figure out who was behind the fraud.I reviewed schools wedge accounts, checkbooks, and personnel files. After obtaining sufficient documentation, I found that the school funds were intercepted and converted to Mr Bob Daniel, who is the executive program in school. He was authorized to control financial and the process of checks preparation and issuance. Since none of financial supervisor reviewed his works, he misappropriated checks and fraudulently affixes the signature of an authorized maker. His forged maker scheme was executed through following steps Start scheme with 2 nonplus companies Prepare fraud checks and forge the signature of schools owner Deliver checks to the bank Fraud checks were payable to his shell companies and his account. He concealed his larceny by using postgraduate activity accounts. Since tracking records on the high active accounts would not expose the fraud easily, he successfully embezzled approximately $400,000 from schools funds.I applied detection methods to support my investigation as follows Tracking on the vendor expenditures it would amplification compared to prior expenses. Detect on the process of checks preparation and issuance Bob Daniel was an weighty part in the entire process. Also, none of supervisor checked his works. Examine the personnel records a review of Bob Daniel showed that rationalization would be a major motivat ion for his theft Obtaining confession he confessed his theft as the result of feeling guilty. In conclusion, this report reflects that Bob Daniel, the school financial supervisor, committed a check tampering to misappropriate approximately $400,000. A full review of internal controls should be conducted to detect and prevent more fraudulent schemes.

Operating System Upgrade Plan

After the full investigation and the incompatible failure scenarios have been taken into consideration a succour and disaster recovery plan coffin nail be considered Marriott, 2010). At this point a reenforcement of the Windows 2008 RE environment should be created and should include host configuration documents Server build documents Network diagrams Network device configuration SAN configuration Software documentation Service accounts and password documentation (Marriott, 2010). Windows Server 2008 RE has a built-in program that is a aright backup system simply called Windows Server Backup that comes as part of the install.The Windows Server 2008 RE backup can backup and restore system, file, folder, and application data. Administrators can easily backup data to locally machine-accessible disk, network shares, and DVD writable media (Marriott, 2010). Describe operating system file and services security features. chapped go out be the chosen file service for HAS. fruity is very popular and has been around since NT 3. 5. 1 The NUTS file system has all of the features needed and is highly reliable, scalable, secure, and manageable. NUTS is a good fit for HAS because of the health care facilities size and locations.NUTS not only backs large volumes, it will help with sharing permissions teens the healthcare facilities, 4 hospitals, 10 clinics, the physicians practice, and the research facility. Departments such as accounting and medical records do not need the same permissions and NUTS will allow for the correct paths to be setup (Marriott, et al. , 2010). Describe operating system configuration activities that support an appropriate hardware requirements solution. Before proceeding with the server installation certain prerequisites must be followed. pickings time to compile a list of needed items will allow for a faster installation.

Benfords Law or the First Digit Law Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Benfords Law or the First Digit Law - bear witness ExampleI can astronomer names Simon Newcomb, who noticed that the earlier pages of logarithm tables that are use in the performance of calculations were much more worn than other pages. Newcomb published result become the setoff known instance of this observation and alike includes the distribution of the second digit. He then proposed a law of nature that is based on the probability of a single number N that is the first digit of a number was equal to log(N+1)log(N).The results from Benfords law are used in different selective information such(prenominal) as street addresses, electricity bills, population numbers, lengths or rivers, stock prices, death rates, mathematical and physical constants as well as processes that are described using power law. The main condition for this law is that the data set or population must only consist of natural numbers (Nigrini 170). The results from the law be to be highly accurate whenever th e values are distributed across numerous orders of magnitude.Benfords law is also highly used in the detection of fraud, errors, embezzlements, and sloppy accountants. This is because those people who normally commit a curse may end up creating fake payment amounts that may appear real. Benfords law is a data mining approach that is used in auditing in order to examine the digit properties in different accounting data for the purposes of character identification. However, unless the person committing is aware of Benfords law of distribution, then he will not be in a position to make up numbers that imitate the proper curve and this makes it very easy to spot a potential fraud. People who commit a crime also tend to distribute their digits in a fairly uniform manner. With a unsubdivided comparison of the frequency of the first digit from the data in accordance with the expected distributing according to Benfords law will always reveal anomalous results. Based on this idea, Benford s law could be used in auditing and forensic auditing to act as an indicator.